Al-muqaddimah Al-ajurrumiyyah [on the Science of Arabic Grammar]
The Chapter on the Ẓarf ZAMĀN and Ẓarf MAKĀN
The Ẓarf Zamān is an Ism of time that is Manṣūb by implying or assuming the existence of (the preposition) في (“in”)[^72] , like:
اليومَ** today/daytime (i.e. from dawn or sunrise till sunset)**
الليلةَ ** ** tonight/nighttime (i.e. from sunset till dawn)
غدوةً early morning (i.e. from dawn till sunrise)
بكرة early in the day (i.e. from dawn or sunrise onwards)
سَحَراً late night (i.e. the last part of the night before dawn)
غداً tomorrow
عتمةً early night (i.e. the first third of the night)
صباحاً ** ** morning (i.e. from midnight till midday)
مساءً afternoon-evening (i.e. from midday to midnight)
أبداً infinite future
أمداً future
حيناً time/anytime
and what is similar to that.
The Ẓarf Makān is an Ism of time that is Manṣūb by implying or assuming the existence of (the preposition) في (“in”), like:
أمام in front/before
خلف ** ** behind
قدّام in front
وراء behind
فوق above/on top of
تحت below/beneath
عند at/with/by
مع with/together with/in the company of
إزاء opposite to
حذاء near/close to
تلقاء opposite to
ثـَمّ there
هنا here
and what is similar to that.