Elementary Arabic Morphology 3

Writing a Hamza

48. How is a hamza written when it comes at the beginning of a word?

49. How is a hamza written when it comes in the middle of a word and does not have a vowel sign?

50. How is a hamza written when it comes in the middle of a word and does have a vowel sign?

51. How is a hamza written if it has a fathah and comes after a dummah or kasrah?

52. How is a hamza written if it comes in the middle of a word and has a vowel sign while the letter before it does not have a vowel sign?

53. How is a hamza written if it comes after an alif or yā'?

54. How is a hamza written if it comes between an alif and a letter other than a yā' being a pronoun?

55. How is a hamza written if it comes at the end of a word and is preceded by a letter without a vowel sign?

56. How is a hamza written if it comes at the end of a word and is preceded by a letter with a vowel sign?

57. How is a hamza written if it comes at the end of a word, is connected to the feminine tā', and is preceded by a weak letter?

58. When a hamza is written at the beginning of a word, it is written in the form of an alif, for example: إصبَع.

59. When a hamza comes in the middle of a word and does not have a vowel sign, it is written according to the vowel sign of the letter preceding it, for example: ذِئبٌ.

60. When a hamza comes in the middle of a word and has a vowel sign, and the preceding letter has a vowel sign as well, it will take on the form of its vowel sign, for example: سَألَ.

61. If a hamza has a fathah and comes after a letter that has a kasrah or dummah, it will be written according to the vowel sign that precedes it, for example: مُؤَنٌ .

62. If a hamza comes in the middle of a word, has a vowel sign, and is preceded by a letter that does not have a vowel sign, it will be written according to its vowel sign, for example: یَیئِسُ.

63. If a hamza comes between an alif and a yā' it should be written in the form of a yā', for example: الرّاِئي.

64. If a hamza comes between an alif and a pronoun that is not a yā' there are two cases. If it has a kasrah or dummah it is written according to its vowel sign, for example: بَقاؤُهُ, but if it has a fathah it is written as a plain hamza, for example: بَقاءَهُ.

65. If a hamza comes at the end of a word and the letter before it does not have a vowel sign it is written as a plain hamza, for example: جُزءٌ.

66. If a hamza comes at the end of a word and the letter before it has a vowel sign it will be written according the vowel sign of the previous letter, for example: قَرَأ.

67. If a hamza comes at the end of a word and is connected to a feminine tā' ther e are two cases. If the letter before it is a sound letter without a vowel sign the hamza is written in the form of an alif, for example: نَسأة, but if the previous letter has a vowel sign the hamza is written according the vowels sign of the previous letter, for example: فِئَة.

68. If a hamza comes at the end of a word and is connected to a feminine tā' and preceded by a weak letter without a vowel sign, there are two cases. It is written in the form of a yā' if preceded by a yā', for example: خَطیئَة. But, it is written as a plain hamza if preceded by an alif or a wāw, for example: قِراءَة. The same rules apply to the feminine alif.