Syntax

The Nominative and Subjective Cases of the Aorist Tense Verb

The Jussive Cases of the Aorist Tense

Nominative Cases of a Noun: The Actor

Nominative Cases of a Noun: Subject of a Predication

Nominative Cases of a Noun: Inchoative and Predicate

Incomplete and Appropinquation Verbs

Particles Which Resemble a Verb

Objective Compliment

Verbs of Wonder

Ishtighal

Cognate Accusative

Adverbial Qualification

Adverbal Qualification of Time and Place

The MĀ‘ Accusative

Exceptive

HĀl Accusative

Specificative

Vocative

Jar Prepositions

Compliments to Prefixed Nouns

Adjectives

Conjunctions

Emphasis

Substitutes

A study of syntax of the Arabic language volume 1. Translated by Hamid
Hussein Waqar.


Elementary Arabic Syntax 2

Substitutes
===========

160. What is a substitute?  
 A substitute follows what it indicates. For example: **جاءَ یوسفُ
أخوکَ** (Joseph, your brother, came.)

161. How many types of substitutes are there?  
 There are three types of substitutes: substitutes of the whole,
substitutes of the part, substitutes of implication.

162. What is a substitute of the whole?  
 A substitute of the whole indicates the indicated word completely, for
example: **أخوکَ إبراهیمُ صدیقُنا** (Your brother, Abraham, is our
friend.)

163. What is a substitute of the part?  
 A substitute of the part indicates part of the indicated word, for
example: **سَقَطَ البیتُ سَقفُهُ** (The house, its ceiling, fell.)

164. What is a substitute of implication?  
 A substitute of implication indicates an essential characteristic of
the indicated word, for example: **أطرَبني البلبلُ تَغریدُه** (I was
moved by the nightingale's song.)

165. What is the condition of substitutes of the part and substitutes of
implication?  
 The condition of the substitutes of the part and substitutes of
implication is that they have to be contracted to a pronoun that refers
to the indicated word. For example: **قرأتُ الکتابَ نصفَهُ** (I read the
book, half of it.)


