Events and Circumstances Surrounding the Martyrdom of Al-husain Bin Ali

References

1-al-Tabari Tarikh al-rusul wa-'l-muluk ed. M. J. de Goeje et al. (Leiden 1879-1901) II 1 (hereafter referred to as Tabari).

2- Ibn A'tham Kitab al-futuh ed. Muhammad 'Abd al-Mu'id Khan (Hyderabad 1971) IV 159-160 hereafter referred to as I.A.

3- On sira meaning "practice" cf. M. M. Bravmann The Spiritual Background of Early Islam (Leiden 1971) 126-130

4- Tabari, II 5-[^6]:

5- Tabari, II 8

6- Ibn Qutaiba (attributed) al-Imama wa-'l-siyasa (Cairo 1904). V1, p. 261

7- I.A. IV 161-2 cf. Ibn Qutaiba op.cit. I [^262]:

8- al-Dinawari, al-Akhbar al-tiwal (Leiden 1888) II [^235]:

9- Tabari, II 112-[^113]:

10- Tabari, II 81-[^83]:

11- Abu 'l-Faraj al-Isfahani Kitab al-aghani (Bulak-Cairo 1285) XVI, 3; Ibn Sa'd al-Tabaqat al-kabir ed. Sachau et al. (Leiden 1879-1901) VI, [^152]:

12- Ibid; Tabari, II 117ff; Kitab al-Aghani XVI, 3-[^4]:

13- cf. M. Hinds "Kufan Political Alignments and their Background in the Mid. 7th Century A.D." International Journal of Middle East Studies (Cambridge, October 1971) [^362]:

14- He is alleged to have been involved in the killing of 'Uthman.

15- Tabari, II 117; Kitab al-aghani XVI 3-[^4]:

16- Tabari, II 125-[^6]:

17- Tabari, II [^116]:

18- Tabari, II [^220]:

19- Tabari, II 233-[^5]:

20- Tabari, II [^240]:

21- Tabari, II [^237]:

22- Tabari, II [^239]:

23- Tabari, II 239-[^240]:

24- Tabari, II [^242]:

25- Tabari, II [^246]: The arif is the man in charge of the distribution of stipends among a certain group, irafa. M. Hinds op,cit. 349 ays: "At both Kufa and Basra the 'irafa became a unit for the distribution of 100,000 dirhams. In most cases irafas were probably composed of the same clan, but an 'irafa was essentially a group of people with identical Islamic priority."

26- Tabari, II [^246]:

27- Tabari, II [^247]:

28- Tabari, II 250-[^252]:

29- Tabari, II [^264]:

30- Tabari, II 252-[^3]:

31- Tabari, II 253-[^4]:

32- Tabari, II [^255]:

33- Tabari, II 256-[^7]:

34- Tabari, II [^303]:

35- Tabari, II [^257]:

36- Tabari, II 257-[^8]:

37- Tabari, II [^260]:

38- Tabari, II 261-[^4]:

39- Tabari, II 264-[^8]:

40- Tabari, II [^271]:

41- Tabari, II [^288]:

42- Tabari, II [^296]:

43- Tabari, II [^308]:

44- Tabari,II 273-[^281]:

45- Tabari, II [^308]:

46- Tabari, II 315-[^6]:

47- Tabari, II [^326]:

48- Tabari, II 333-[^5]:

49- Tabari, II 365-[^7]:

50- Tabari, II [^360]:

51- Tabari, II [^383]:

52- al-Baihaqi reports a Tradition from 'Ali b. al-Husayn which in­cludes this phrase in the adhan cf. Ibn Hazm al-Muhalla (Cairo 1351 A.H.) III 161 footnote citing al-Baihaqi I 424-[^5]: