Events and Circumstances Surrounding the Martyrdom of Al-husain Bin Ali
References
1-al-Tabari Tarikh al-rusul wa-'l-muluk ed. M. J. de Goeje et al. (Leiden 1879-1901) II 1 (hereafter referred to as Tabari).
2- Ibn A'tham Kitab al-futuh ed. Muhammad 'Abd al-Mu'id Khan (Hyderabad 1971) IV 159-160 hereafter referred to as I.A.
3- On sira meaning "practice" cf. M. M. Bravmann The Spiritual Background of Early Islam (Leiden 1971) 126-130
4- Tabari, II 5-[^6]:
5- Tabari, II 8
6- Ibn Qutaiba (attributed) al-Imama wa-'l-siyasa (Cairo 1904). V1, p. 261
7- I.A. IV 161-2 cf. Ibn Qutaiba op.cit. I [^262]:
8- al-Dinawari, al-Akhbar al-tiwal (Leiden 1888) II [^235]:
9- Tabari, II 112-[^113]:
10- Tabari, II 81-[^83]:
11- Abu 'l-Faraj al-Isfahani Kitab al-aghani (Bulak-Cairo 1285) XVI, 3; Ibn Sa'd al-Tabaqat al-kabir ed. Sachau et al. (Leiden 1879-1901) VI, [^152]:
12- Ibid; Tabari, II 117ff; Kitab al-Aghani XVI, 3-[^4]:
13- cf. M. Hinds "Kufan Political Alignments and their Background in the Mid. 7th Century A.D." International Journal of Middle East Studies (Cambridge, October 1971) [^362]:
14- He is alleged to have been involved in the killing of 'Uthman.
15- Tabari, II 117; Kitab al-aghani XVI 3-[^4]:
16- Tabari, II 125-[^6]:
17- Tabari, II [^116]:
18- Tabari, II [^220]:
19- Tabari, II 233-[^5]:
20- Tabari, II [^240]:
21- Tabari, II [^237]:
22- Tabari, II [^239]:
23- Tabari, II 239-[^240]:
24- Tabari, II [^242]:
25- Tabari, II [^246]: The arif is the man in charge of the distribution of stipends among a certain group, irafa. M. Hinds op,cit. 349 ays: "At both Kufa and Basra the 'irafa became a unit for the distribution of 100,000 dirhams. In most cases irafas were probably composed of the same clan, but an 'irafa was essentially a group of people with identical Islamic priority."
26- Tabari, II [^246]:
27- Tabari, II [^247]:
28- Tabari, II 250-[^252]:
29- Tabari, II [^264]:
30- Tabari, II 252-[^3]:
31- Tabari, II 253-[^4]:
32- Tabari, II [^255]:
33- Tabari, II 256-[^7]:
34- Tabari, II [^303]:
35- Tabari, II [^257]:
36- Tabari, II 257-[^8]:
37- Tabari, II [^260]:
38- Tabari, II 261-[^4]:
39- Tabari, II 264-[^8]:
40- Tabari, II [^271]:
41- Tabari, II [^288]:
42- Tabari, II [^296]:
43- Tabari, II [^308]:
44- Tabari,II 273-[^281]:
45- Tabari, II [^308]:
46- Tabari, II 315-[^6]:
47- Tabari, II [^326]:
48- Tabari, II 333-[^5]:
49- Tabari, II 365-[^7]:
50- Tabari, II [^360]:
51- Tabari, II [^383]:
52- al-Baihaqi reports a Tradition from 'Ali b. al-Husayn which inÂcludes this phrase in the adhan cf. Ibn Hazm al-Muhalla (Cairo 1351 A.H.) III 161 footnote citing al-Baihaqi I 424-[^5]: