History of Islam

Chapter Two : the Spread of Islam

The war of Mu’tah

After the Hudaybiyah Truce, the Holy Prophet started his universal mission and invited the heads of governments of the world to his faith. Among the countries of those days, the Roman Empire and the Iranian Empire enjoyed high standards of living.

Having acquired some information regarding the Prophet’s mission, Caesar of Rome had the will to accept Islam; but when he revealed his intentions, he was resisted by the Christians and the Roman army; therefore, he had to withdraw his decision.[^23] This shows that the commanders of the Roman army had a hostile attitude towards Islam. We could find the root of the Mu’tah war with this view.

In order to spread his faith outside the Arabian Peninsula, the Holy Prophet dispatched Harith Ibn `Umayr al-Azdi to carry a letter to the King of Busra (Damascus).[^24] That was in Jumada al-¬la, the eighth year of Hegira.

Shurahbil ibn `Amr al-Ghassani, the governor of Damascus appointed by the Roman emperor,[^25] arrested the Holy Prophet’s courier and, having known the nature of his mission, killed him at the village of Mu’tah. This event saddened the Holy Prophet greatly.[^26]

Although the murder of one person could not be considered good reason to start war, the murder of the Holy Prophet’s representative, which was against ethical codes, was in fact a sort of military threat on the part of the governor of Damascus vis-à-vis the peaceful invitation to the Holy Prophet’s faith. He therefore decided to send a troop over there. This movement could be interpreted as a sign of military power.

Based on these facts, the Holy Prophet dispatched to Mu’tah an army of three thousand troops under the commandership of Ja`far ibn Abi-talib,[^27] Zayd ibn Harithah and `Abdullah ibn Rawahah respectively.[^28]

The Islamic troops faced the one hundred thousand troops of Rome near the village of Mu’tah. The three Muslim commanders bore the banner in turn and they all were martyred. Then, the Muslim troops elected Khalid ibn Walid as the commander-in-chief. Using special tactics, he frightened the enemy and then issued the command to retreat to Medina.[^29]

Al-Waqidi records that the martyrs of this war were eight[^30] but Ibn Husham records them as twelve.[^31] In some contemporary records, it is written that they were seventeen.[^32] The tombs of these martyrs rest next to the city of Mu’tah;[^33] each one of the commanders has a magnificent shrine with a dome. Next to the tomb of Ja`far, there is built a handsome mosque.[^34]

The conquest of Mecca

One of the articles of the Hudaybiyah Truce was ceasefire between the infidels and Muslims. The Holy Prophet made use of the tranquility and took big strides: he sent different missionaries to all countries of the world and enacted his universal mission; he either disarmed the enemies residing around Medina or convened treaties with them. In the meantime, Khaybar, which was the center of conspiracies, collapsed altogether.

The Quraysh breach of truce

After two years, the Hudaybiyah Truce was broken by Quraysh. According to the fourth paragraph, any tribe was free to join either the Muslims or Quraysh. At that time, Khuza`ah made a treaty with Muslims and Banu-Bakr allied with Quraysh.[^35]

In the eighth year of Hegira, Banu-Bakr attacked Banu-Khuza`ah at nighttime. In this confrontation Quraysh allied with Banu-Bakr, killing a group of the soldiers of Khuza`ah. This was a breach of the Hudaybiyah Truce.[^36] Following the chief of Khuza`ah’s request for assistance, the Holy Prophet announced a general mobilization[^37] and decided to attack Mecca.

In order for Quraysh not to know the Muslims’ plan and to surprise them in an attack so that Mecca could be captured with no bloodshed, the Holy Prophet concealed his destination[^38] and ordered his men to watch the Meccan roads[^39] asking God to keep Quraysh unaware of his plan.[^40]

The Holy Prophet, with an army of ten thousand soldiers, headed for Mecca.[^41] His tactic was successful. The spies of Quraysh were kept in the dark up to the moment when Muslim troops were stationed at the gates of Mecca.

`Abbas, the Holy Prophet’s uncle, lived in Mecca up to that year. As he was heading for Medina, the Islamic troops were heading for Mecca. He met the Holy Prophet at al-Juhafah and returned to Mecca with him. At the last night of the stationing of the Muslim troops outside the gates of Mecca, `Abbas saw Abu-Sufyan outside the city and took him to meet the Holy Prophet.

[^42] Observing the Islamic troops, Abu-Sufyan became frightened. The Holy Prophet pardoned him and declared, “Anybody who takes sanctuary in the Kaaba, stays at home or takes shelter at Abu-Sufyan’s house is unharmed.”

Prior to the arrival of the Islamic troops in Mecca, Abu-Sufyan informed the people of the Holy Prophet’s amnesty. This plan helped the lack of bloodshed and the surrender of the city; so, Mecca collapsed. Only in one section of the city where some obstinate people continued resisting were some people killed.[^43]

Arriving at Mecca, the Holy Prophet circumambulated the Kaaba while he was riding on a camel and hitting with his cane the idols which had been fastened to the Kaaba with tins, saying,

The truth has come and the falsehood has vanished; surely, falsehood is a vanishing thing. (17:81)

It is well-known for historians and narrators, Imam `Ali then climbed upon the Holy Prophet’s shoulder and destroyed the big idols.[^44] Imam al-sadiq states that the idol which Imam `Ali destroyed was Hubal. On the Holy Prophet’s order, this idol was buried under the Banu-Shaybah Gate, one of the entrances to the Kaaba. Therefore, it is recommended that people enter the Kaaba from this gate.[^45]

The Prophet’s General Amnesty

Although Quraysh and other infidels did not stop hostile attitudes towards Muslims since the advent of Islam as they plotted all sorts of disagreements, pressure, aggression and wrongdoing; and although the Holy Prophet, being in full command, could have taken revenge, he declared a general amnesty,[^46] saying, “I am repeating the statement of my brother, (Prophet) Joseph: There shall be no proof against you this day, Allah may forgive you, and He is the most Merciful of the merciful. (the Holy Qur'an 12:92) Go, you are free now.[^47]

Having surrendered with humiliation and expecting a severe revenge by the Holy Prophet, the unbelievers of Quraysh were highly moved by this great pardon of the Holy Prophet. Next to the Kaaba, he addressed people, saying,

“God has consecrated Mecca from the very beginning of creation. This place shall remain holy and sacred until the Resurrection Day. No Muslim is allowed to cause bloodshed on this land nor is he or she allowed to cut a tree from this place. No one is allowed to do a wrong thing to it now or from now on. Let those who are present tell those who are absent…[^48]

Upon the conquest of Mecca, the Holy Prophet convened a contract with Meccan women with the following stipulations:

“Do not associate aught with Allah, do not steal, do not commit fornication, do not kill your children, and do not bring a calumny which you have forged of yourselves and do not disobey the Holy Prophet.[^49] Some well-known figures, who later gained high positions, accepted Islam during the conquest of Mecca. Among them were Abu-Sufyan and his son Mu`awiyah.

Due to the hard living conditions of people, God ascribes a moral superiority to Muslims prior to the conquest of Mecca:

And what reason do you have that you should not spend in Allah’s way? And Allah’s is the inheritance of the heavens and the earth; not alike among you are those who spent before the victory and fought and those who did not: they are more exalted in rank than those who spent and fought afterwards, and Allah has promised good to all; and Allah is aware of what you do.

The Outcomes of the conquest of Mecca

Mecca was the center of plotting conspiracies against Islam. For this reason, its collapse was the start of a great movement in the history of Islam. This event put an end to idolatry. The different Arab tribes were waiting for the conquest of Mecca and the conversion of Quraysh to Islam. When Mecca collapsed and Quraysh accepted Islam, the representatives of different Arab tribes came to the Holy Prophet accepting Islam.[^50] Except for two tribes, namely Hawazin and Thaqif, all other tribes accepted Islam.[^51]

Among these tribes that accepted Islam were Qushayr ibn Ka`b[^52], Bahilah,[^53] Tha`labiyyah,[^54] suda',[^55] Banu- Asad[^56], Baliy,[^57] `Udhrah,[^58] Thumalah[^59] and Huddan[^60] all of whom came to meet the Holy Prophet, announcing their acceptance of Islam. After a war between Hawazin and ta’if that took place after the conquest of Mecca,

the representatives of the strong tribe of Thaqif who were equal to Quraysh in military strength came to see the Holy Prophet and put forward some pre-conditions for their conversion to Islam. Although the Holy Prophet rejected their preconditions, they accepted Islam unconditionally.[^61]

The War of Hunayn

After the conquest of Mecca that took place in Ramazan,[^62] the Holy Prophet stayed in this city for two weeks[^63] arranging its affairs. He ordered people to break their idols that they kept at their houses.[^64] He dispatched some agents to destroy the idol-houses around Mecca.[^65] During this time, he was informed that Hawazin,

supported by the tribes of Thaqif, Nasr, Jusham, and Sa`d ibn Bakr together with a group of Banu-Hilal under the command of Malik ibn `Awf al-Nasri were planning to attack Mecca.[^66] They gathered at a place called Awtas. Having made sure of this information, the Holy Prophet sent a spy to study the situation. It was clear that the army of Hawazin was on its way to Mecca.[^67]

At this time, the Holy Prophet decided to use his usual military tactics in taking the initiatives and depriving the enemy of any chance to attack. For this purpose, he appointed `Attab ibn Usayd as the governor of Mecca[^68] and he left to face the enemy with twelve thousand soldiers, ten thousand of whom were previously with him and two thousand of the newly converted Muslims.[^69] He put Banu-Sulaym in front of the army.[^70] On the way, some Muslim troops, due to their great number, became haughty, declaring that they would never be defeated.[^71] However, the result was the reverse and, as God has mentioned in the Holy Qur'an (9:25), the great number did not produce any result.

Under the darkness of dawn, the Muslim army headed for Hunayn[^72] but the warriors of Hawazin who had hidden behind cliffs and in the valleys of Hunayn suddenly charged at the Muslims.[^73] This sudden attack bewildered the Muslims. First, Banu-Sulaym retreated and fled the scene.[^74] Following them, others escaped. Only Imam `Ali and a few others remained beside the Prophet and fought bravely.[^75]

According to Shaykh al-Mufid, only nine individuals of Banu-Hashim, one of whom was Imam `Ali, stood next to the Holy Prophet. `Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib stood to the Holy Prophet’s right, al-Fazl ibn `Abbas to the left and Imam `Ali in front of the Holy Prophet unsheathing his sword and fighting bravely.[^76]

Having noticed the flight of Muslims, the Holy Prophet, who had always been a symbol of patience, endurance, perseverance and bravery, did not show any sign of weakness; he stood steadfastly in the battlefield. Addressing the escapees, he said, “O people! Where are you fleeing? Come back; I am the Prophet of God; I am Muhammad ibn `Abdullah.” He then asked `Abbas to call at people and remind them of their pledges. With a loud tone, `Abbas cried out, “O people of the Tree Pledge; O people of Surah al-Baqarah; to where are you escaping? Remember your allegiance with the Holy Prophet.”[^77]

Due to the Holy Prophet’s perseverance and calling at the escapees to return, Muslims gradually returned, gathered around the Holy Prophet and resisted the enemy. In a short time, the banner-bearer of the enemy was killed by `Ali and through Divine assistance, the army of Hawazin was severely damaged. Four thousand captives, twelve thousand camels and a lot of booties were soon in the hands of Muslims. After the war, the Holy Prophet freed the captives on the request of the chiefs of the defeated tribes who embraced. This war caused the Muslims four martyrs.

Referring to the initial failure of Muslims and their victory in the light of Divine assistance, the Holy Qur'an says,

Certainly Allah helped you in many battle fields and on the day of Hunayn, when your great numbers made you vain, but they availed you nothing and the earth became strait to you not withstanding its spaciousness, then you turned back retreating. Then Allah sent down His tranquility upon His Apostle and upon the believers, and sent down hosts which you did not see, and chastised those who disbelieved, and that is the reward of the believers. (9:25-26)

The War of Tabuk

Although the two super powers of those days, i.e. the Roman Empire and Iran were in continuous conflict with each other, they could not tolerate the emergence of a third power; that is Islam. It was natural for the Romans to be unhappy with the Muslims’ victory in Mecca and the Hawazin’s defeat at Hunayn.[^78] Taking these factors into consideration and with regards to the victory of the Romans in Mu’tah, the expectation of a Roman military movement against Muslims was real.

In the ninth year of Hegira, the traders who crossed the route between Medina and Damascus informed the Holy Prophet that Hercules, the Roman Emperor, was preparing an army to attack Medina.[^79] The Holy Prophet took it seriously.

Because of its military supremacy, the Roman Empire was the most pernicious enemy of Islam.[^80] According to a report, Hercules had allied with some Arab tribes like Lakhm, Judham, `amilah and Ghassan, his military pioneers had advanced as far as Balqa',[^81] and the emperor himself resided in Homs.[^82]

This report reached the Holy Prophet at a time when it was extremely hot[^83] and it was the harvest season. People were lived under harsh conditions and life became unbearable.[^84] The Holy Prophet called for general mobilization and asked people of Mecca and the nomads for financial assistance.[^85] Contrary to his previous military expeditions which were kept secret to the last moment, this time the Holy Prophet announced his military target to be Tabuk[^86] so that the troops could prepare themselves for the hardships of the journey.[^87]

Despite their hard conditions, Muslims gave generously[^88] and thirty thousand troops,[^89] together with ten thousand horses[^90] and twelve thousand camels,[^91] were ready to move. However, the hypocrites not only refrained from taking part in the battle with no valid reasons[^92] but also discouraged people to go claiming that it was so hot.[^93]

A verse was revealed to the Holy Prophet reprimanding their situation. (the Holy Qur'an 9:81) Other Muslims unjustifiably did not join the Muslim troops and the Holy Qur'an called them those who left behind and blamed them. (the Holy Qur'an 9:81) Others, too, were deprived of taking part in the battle due to their lack of ammunitions. (the Holy Qur'an 9:87, 93)