Islamic Concept of Intermediation (tawassul)

References

[1]. Bukhārī narrated this tradition in his as-Sahīh with different words at six various places, i.e. b. of janā’iz (funerals) ch.71 (1:451#1279); b. of manāqib (virtues) ch.22 (3:1317#3401); b. of maghāzī (the military expeditions led by the Prophet) ch.14, 25 (4:1486, 1498-9 #3816, 3857); b. of riqāq (softening of hearts) ch.7, 53 (5:2361, 2408#6062, 6218); Tabarānī, al-Mu‘jam-ul-kabīr (17:278-80#767-70); Bayhaqī, as-Sunan-ul-kubrā (4:14); Baghawī, Sharh-us-sunnah (14:39-41#3822-3); ‘Alā’-ud-Dīn ‘Alī, Kanz-ul-‘ummāl (14:416#39122).

[2]. Narrated in his as-Sahīh, b. of fadā’il (virtues) ch.9 (4:1795#2296).

[3]. Narrated in his Musnad (4:149, 153-4).

[4]. Nasā’ī, Sunan, b. of hibah (gifts) 6:262-3.

[5]. as-Sahīh of Imam Bukhārī and as-Sahīh of Imam Muslim.

[6]. Bukhārī narrated it with different words at various places in his as-Sahīh: b. of buyū‘ (sales) ch.98 (2:771#2102); b. of ijārah (hiring) ch.12 (2:793-4#2152); b. of muzāra‘ah (sharecropping) ch.11 (2:821-2#2208); b. of ambiyā’ (prophets) ch.52 (3:1278#3278); b. of adab (good manner) ch.5 (5:2228-9#5629); and Muslim in as-Sahīh, b. of dhikr wad-du‘ā’ wat-tawbah wal-istighfār (remembering (Allah), invocation, repentance and seeking forgiveness) ch.27 (4:2099-2100#2743).

[7]. Muslim, as-Sahīh, b. of masājid wa mawādi‘-us-salāt (mosques and the places of prayer) ch.51 (1:462-3#667); Bukhārī, as-Sahīh, b. of mawāqīt-us-salāt (the times of the prayers) ch.5 (1:197#505); Tirmidhī in al-Jāmi‘-us-sahīh, b. of amthāl (examples) ch.5 (5:151#2868) and graded it hasan sahīh; Nasā’ī, Sunan, b. of salāt (prayer), 1:231; Ahmad bin Hambal, Musnad (2:379); and Dārimī in Sunan, b. of salāt (prayer) ch.1 (1:213#1187).

[8]. Bukhārī, as-Sahīh. b. of riqāq (softening of hearts) ch.38 (5:2385#6137).

[9]. Qur’ān (an-Nahl) 16:58.

[10]. Bukhārī narrated it in as-Sahīh, b. of adab (good manner) ch.18 (5:2234#5649); and Muslim in as-Sahīh, b. of birr was-silah wal-ādāb (virtue, good manners and joining of the ties of relationship) ch.46 (4:2027#2629).

[11]. Bayhaqī, Shu‘ab-ul-īmān, 6:500 (#9051); Suyūtī, ad-Durr-ul-manthūr (3:216).

[12]. Qur’ān (al-Fātihah) 1:1-3.

[13]. Qur’ān (al-Fātihah) 1:4.

[14]. Baydāwī, Tafsīr (1:14).

[15]. Qur’ān (al-Fātihah) 1:5.

[16]. This sahīh hadith was narrated by Ibn Mājah in his Sunan, b. of du‘ā’ (supplication) ch.9 (2:1267#3857); Abū Dāwūd, Sunan, b. of salāt (prayer) 2:79 (#1493); Tirmidhī, al-Jāmi‘-us-sahīh, b. of da‘awāt (supplications) ch.64 (5:515#3475); Ahmad bin Hambal, Musnad (5:349, 360); and Baghawī in Sharh-us-sunnah (5:37-8#1259-60).

[17]. This sahīh hadith was transmitted by Ibn Mājah through ‘Ā’ishah in his Sunan, b. of du‘ā’ (supplication) ch.3 (2:1263#3841); Muslim in as-Sahīh, b. of salāt (prayer) ch.42 (1:352#486); Abū Dāwūd, Sunan, b. of salāt, 1:232 (#879); Mālik bin Anas, al-Muwattā, b. of Qur’ān, ch.8 (1:214#31); Ahmad bin Hambal, Musnad (6:201); Ibn Hibbān, as-Sahīh, (5:258#1932); and Ibn Khuzaymah in as-Sahīh (1:329#655).

[18]. Muslim, as-Sahīh, b. of salāt (prayer) ch.7 (1:288-9#384); Abū Dāwūd, Sunan, b. of salāt (1:144#523); Tirmidhī, al-Jāmi‘-us-sahīh, b. of manāqib (virtues and merits) ch.1 (5:586-7#3614); Nasā’ī in Sunan, b. of adhān (the call to prayer) 2:25-6, and ‘Amal-ul-yawm wal-laylah, p.158 (#45); Ahmad bin Hambal, Musnad (2:168); Baghawī, Sharh-us-sunnah, 2:284-5 (#421); Ibn Khuzaymah, as-Sahīh, 1:219 (#418); Abū ‘Awānah, Musnad (1:336); Ibn Hibbān, as-Sahīh (4:588-90#1690-2); Ibn-us-Sunnī, ‘Amal-ul-yawm wal-laylah, p.33 (#91); Bayhaqī, as-Sunan-ul-kubrā (1:409-10); Muhammad Khatīb Tabrīzī, Mishkāt-ul-masābīh, b. of salāt, ch.5 (1:215#657); and ‘Alā’-ud-Dīn ‘Alī, Kanz-ul-‘ummāl (7:700#20998).

[19]. Qur’ān (an-Najm) 53:9.

[20]. Qur’ān (Fātir) 35:10.

[21]. Qur’ān (ar-Rahmān) 55:26-7.

[22]. Qur’ān (Āl-i-‘Imrān) 3:185.

[23]. Qur’ān (al-Ahzāb) 33:56.

[24]. Tabarānī related it in al-Mu‘jam-ul-kabīr (24:351-2#871) and al-Mu‘jam-ul-awsat (1:152-3#191) and its men are those of sound hadith except Rawh bin Salāh who is da‘īf (weak), while Ibn Hibbān and Hākim declared him thiqah (trustworthy). Haythamī also cites it in Majma‘-uz-zawā’id (9:256-7); Ibn-ul-Jawzī in al-‘Ilal-ul-mutanāhiyyah (1:268-9#433); Abū Nu‘aym in Hilyat-ul-awliyā’ wa tabaqāt-ul-asfiyā’ (3:121); and Mahmūd Sa‘īd Mamdūh graded it hasan (fair) in his Raf‘-ul-minārah (pp.147-8).

[25]. Ibn Mājah related it in his Sunan, b. of masājid wal-jamā‘āt (mosques and congregations) ch.14 (1:256#778); Ahmad bin Hambal in Musnad (3:21); Ibn Abū Shaybah in al-Musannaf (10:211-2#9251); Mundhirī in at-Targhīb wat-tarhīb (2:458); Dimyātī in al-Mutajarr-ur-rabih fī thawāb al-‘amal-is-sālih (pp.641-2#1321); Ibn-us-Sunnī in ‘Amal-ul-yawm wal-laylah (p.30 #83); and Dhahabī in Mīzān-ul-i‘tidāl (2:447#4384).

[26]. Plural of hāfiz.

[27]. Mahmūd Sa‘īd Mamdūh, Raf‘-ul-minārah (pp.171-2).

[28]. Nasā’ī, Sunan, b. of jihad (holy war), 6:45; Bayhaqī, as-Sunan-ul-kubrā (6:331); Abū Nu‘aym, Hilyat-ul-awliyā’ wa tabaqāt-ul-asfiyā’ (5:26).

[29]. Nasā’ī narrated it in Sunan, b. of jihad (holy war), 6:46; and Bayhaqī in as-Sunan-ul-kubrā (6:331).

[30]. Tirmidhī related it in al-Jāmi‘-us-sahīh, b. of da‘awāt (supplications) ch.82 (5:529#3505); Hākim in al-Mustadrak (1:505; 2:382-3) and graded it sahīh, also confirmed by Dhahabī; Ahmad bin Hambal in Musnad (1:170); Nasā’ī, ‘Amal-ul-yawm wal-laylah, p.416 (#656); Abū Ya‘lā, Musnad (2:111#772); Bayhaqī, Shu‘ab-ul-īmān (1:432#620); and Mundhirī in at-Targhīb wat-tarhīb (2:488).