Islamic Concept of Intermediation (tawassul)

References

[1]. Qur’ān (al-Baqarah) 2:248.

[2]. Qur’ān (Yūsuf) 12:93-6.

[3]. Bukhārī transmitted it in his as-Sahīh, b. of janā’iz (funerals) ch.94 (1:469#1328), b. of fadā’il-us-sahābah (virtues of the Companions) ch.8 (3:1355#3497).

[4]. Ibn Mājah narrated it with a sound chain of transmission in his Sunan, b. of ashribah (drinks) ch.21 (2:1132#3423); Tirmidhī graded it hasan (fair) sahīh (sound) gharīb (rare or unfamiliar) in his al-Jāmi‘-us-sahīh, b. of ashribah, ch.18 (4:306#1892), and in ash-Shamā’il-ul-Muhammadiyyah (p.178#203), Ahmad bin Hambal, Musnad (6:434); Humaydī, Musnad (1:172#354); Ibn Hibbān, as-Sahīh (12:138-9#5318); Tabarānī, al-Mu‘jam-ul-kabīr (25:15#8); and Baghawī in Sharh-us-sunnah (11:379#3042).

[5]. Related by Ahmad bin Hambal in his Musnad (3:119; 6:431); Tirmidhī, ash-Shamā’il-ul-Muhammadiyyah (p.179#205); Abū Dāwūd Tayālisī, Musnad (p.229#1650); and by Tabarānī in al-Mu‘jam-ul-kabīr (25:127#307) and in al-Mu‘jam-ul-awsat (1:379#658).

[6]. Related by Muslim in his as-Sahīh, b. of libās waz-zīnah (dress and embellishment) ch.2 (3:1641#2069); Abū Dāwūd, Sunan, b. of libās (dress) 4:49 (#4054); Ibn Mājah, Sunan, b. of libās, ch.18 (2:1188-9#3594); Ahmad bin Hambal, Musnad (6:347-8); Ibn Sa‘d, at-Tabaqāt-ul-kubrā (1:454).

[7]. Nawawī, Sharh Sahīh Muslim (14:44).

[8]. Related by Bukhārī in his as-Sahīh, b. of libās (dress) ch.48 (5:2204#5535); Muslim, as-Sahīh, b. of libās waz-zīnah (dress and embellishment) ch.12 (3:1656#2091); and Abū Dāwūd in Sunan, b. of khātim (ring) 4:88 (#4215).

[9]. Related by Bukhārī in his as-Sahīh, b. of khumus (fifth part) ch.5 (3:1131#2941).

[10]. Bukhārī transmitted it in his as-Sahīh, b. of khumus (fifth part) ch.5 (3:1131#2940), b. of libās (dress) ch.40 (5:2200#5519-20); Tirmidhī in ash-Shamā’il-ul-Muhammadiyyah (p.83#73).

[11]. Related by Bukhārī in his as-Sahīh b. of libās (dress) ch.36 (5:2199#5513); and Tirmidhī in ash-Shamā’il-ul-Muhammadiyyah (p.84#74).

[12]. Qastallānī, al-Mawāhib-ul-laduniyyah (2:466-7).

[13]. Qastallānī, al-Mawāhib-ul-laduniyyah (2:470); Nabhānī, al-Anwār-ul-Muhammadiyyah (p.258).

[14]. Kandhalwī, Shamā’il Tirmidhī with Urdu commentary Khasā’il nabawī (p.77).

[15]. Bukhārī narrated it in his as-Sahīh, b. of ashribah (drinks) ch.29 (5:2134).

[16]. Muslim, as-Sahīh, b. of ashribah (drinks) ch.9 (3:1591#2007); Bukhārī, as-Sahīh, b. of ashribah, ch.29 (5:2134#5314).

[17]. Ahmad bin Hambal, Musnad (3:187); Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāyah wan-nihāyah (4:370).

[18]. Bukhārī narrated it in his as-Sahīh, b. of khumus (fifth part) ch.5 (3:1132#2942); and Ibn Kathīr in al-Bidāyah wan-nihāyah (4:369).

[19]. Muslim transmitted it in his as-Sahīh, b. of hajj, ch.56 (2:948#1305); Abū Dāwūd, Sunan, b. of manāsik (rituals of hajj) (2:203#1981); Tirmidhī in al-Jāmi‘-us-sahīh, b. of hajj, ch.73 (3:255#912) and graded it hasan (fair) sahīh (sound); Ahmad bin Hambal, Musnad (3:111,208,214); Humaydī, Musnad (2:512#1220); Ibn Khuzaymah, as-Sahīh (4:299#2928); Bayhaqī, as-Sunan-ul-kubrā (5:134); and Baghawī in Sharh-us-sunnah (7:206#1962).

[20]. Bukhārī transmitted it in his as-Sahīh b. of wudū’ (ablution) ch.32 (1:75#169).

[21]. Muslim narrated it in his as-Sahīh, b. of fadā’il (virtues) ch.19 (4:1812#2324); Ahmad bin Hambal, Musnad (3:133,137); Ibn Sa‘d, at-Tabaqāt-ul-kubrā (1:431); Bayhaqī, as-Sunan-ul-kubrā (7:68); and Ibn Kathīr in al-Bidāyah wan-nihāyah (4:140).

[22]. Related by Bukhārī in his as-Sahīh, b. of wudū’ (ablution) ch.32 (1:75#168).

[23]. Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalānī, Fath-ul-bārī (1:274).

[24]. Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalānī, al-Isābah fī tamyīz-is-sahābah (1:71).

[25]. Bukhārī, as-Sahīh, b. of libās (dress) ch.64 (5:2210#5557); Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāyah wan-nihāyah (4:390).

[26]. Badr-ud-Dīn ‘Aynī, ‘Umdat-ul-qārī (22:49).

[27]. Tabarānī narrated it in al-Mu‘jam-ul-kabīr (24:351-2#871) and al-Mu‘jam-ul-awsat (1:152-3#191); Ibn ‘Abd-ul-Barr, al-Istī‘āb fī ma‘rifat-il-ashāb (4:382); Abū Nu‘aym, Hilyat-ul-awliyā’ wa tabaqāt-ul-asfiyā’ (3:121); Ibn-ul-Jawzī, al-‘Ilal-ul-mutanāhiyyah (1:268-9#433), Sifat-us-safwah (2:38); Ibn-ul-Athīr, Asad-ul-ghābah (7:213); Samhūdī, Wafā’-ul-wafā (3:897-8); and Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalānī in al-Isābah fī tamyīz-is-sahābah (4:380).

[28]. Bukhārī narrated it in his as-Sahīh, b. of janā’iz (funerals) ch.8, 17 (1:422-3,425#1195,1204); Muslim, as-Sahīh, b. of janā’iz, ch.12 (2:648#939); Abū Dāwūd, Sunan, b. of janā’iz, (3:200#3157); Nasā’ī, Sunan, b. of janā’iz (4:28-33); Tirmidhī, al-Jāmi‘-us-sahīh, b. of janā’iz, ch.15 (3:315#990); Ibn Mājah, Sunan, b. of janā’iz, ch.8 (1:468-9#1458); Mālik bin Anas, al-Muwattā, b. of janā’iz, ch.1 (1:222#2); Ahmad bin Hambal, Musnad (5:84, 6:407); Humaydī, Musnad (1:175-6#360); Ibn Hibbān, as-Sahīh (7:302,304#3032-3); Tabarānī, al-Mu‘jam-ul-kabīr (25:45-50#86,88-95,97-99).

[29]. Bukhārī narrated it in his as-Sahīh, b. of adab (good manners) ch.39 (5:2245#5689), b. of janā’iz (funeral prayers) ch.28 (1:429#1218), b. of buyū‘ (sales) ch.31 (2:737#1987), b. of libās (dress) ch.17 (5:2189#5473); Ibn Mājah, Sunan, b. of libās, ch.1 (2:1177#3555); Ahmad bin Hambal, Musnad (5:333-4); and Ibn Sa‘d in at-Tabaqāt-ul-kubrā (1:454).

[30]. Bukhārī transmitted in his as-Sahīh, b. of janā’iz (funeral prayers) ch.22,76 (1:427#1211); and Ahmad bin Hambal in his Musnad (3:371).

[31]. Bukhārī related it in as-Sahīh, b. of libās (dress) ch.7 (5:2184#5459), b. of janā’iz (funeral prayers) ch.22 (1:427#1210); Muslim, as-Sahīh, b. of sifāt-ul-munāfiqīn wa ahkāmuhum (pertaining to the characteristics of the hypocrites and the command concerning them) 4:2140 (#2773); Nasā’ī, Sunan, b. of janā’iz (4:37-8); Ahmad bin Hambal, Musnad

(3:381); Bayhaqī, as-Sunan-ul-kubrā (3:402); and Wāqidī in Kitāb-ul-maghāzī (2:1057).

[32]. Bukhārī narrated it in his as-Sahīh, b. of libās (dress) ch.7 (5:2184#5460), b. of janā’iz (funerals) ch.22 (1:427#1210), b. of tafsīr (interpretation of the Qur’ān) ch.160,161 4:1715,1716 (#4393,4395); Muslim, as-Sahīh, b. of sifāt-ul-munāfiqīn wa ahkāmuhum (the signs of hypocrites and their commands) 4:2141 (#2774); Nasā’ī, Sunan, b. of janā’iz (funerals) 4:36, and Tafsir (1:551-2#244); Tirmidhī, al-Jāmi‘-us-sahīh, b. of tafsīr, ch.10 (5:279-80#3098); Ahmad bin Hambal, Musnad (2:18); Ibn Hibbān, as-Sahīh (7:447#3175); Ibn ‘Abd-ul-Barr, as-Istī‘āb fī ma‘rifat-il-ashāb (2:336); Bayhaqī, as-Sunan-ul-kubrā (3:402; 8:199), and Dalā’il-un-nubuwwah (5:287); Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāyah wan-nihāyah (3:635); and Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalānī in al-Isābah fī tamyīz-is-sahābah (2:336).

[33]. Ibn-ul-Athīr, Asad-ul-ghābah (3:262); Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalānī, al-Isābah fī tamyīz-is-sahābah (2:318).

[34]. Ibn ‘Abd-ul-Barr narrated it in al-Istī‘āb fī ma‘rifat-il-ashāb (2:279); Ibn-ul-Athīr, Asad-ul-ghābah (3:207); and Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalānī in al-Isābah fī tamyīz-is-sahābah (2:292).

[35]. Bukhārī narrated it in his as-Sahīh, b. of shurūt (conditions) ch.15 (2:976#2581); and Bayhaqī in Dalā’il-un-nubuwwah (4:104).

[36]. Bukhārī transmitted it in his as-Sahīh, b. of tibb (medicine) ch.37 (5:2168#5413); Muslim, as-Sahīh, b. of salām (peace) ch.21 (4:1724#2194); Ahmad bin Hambal, Musnad (6:93); Hākim, al-Mustadrak (4:412); and Baghawī in Sharh-us-sunnah (5:224-5#1414).

[37]. Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalānī, Fath-ul-bārī (10:208).

[38]. Bukhārī narrated it in his as-Sahīh, b. of fadā’il-us-sahābah (virtues of the Companions) ch.74 (3:1422-3#3697), b. of ‘aqīqah, ch.1 (5:2081#5152); Muslim, as-Sahīh, b. of ādāb (good manners) ch.5 (3:1691#2146); and Ahmad bin Hambal in Musnad (6:93,347).

[39]. Muslim narrated it in his as-Sahīh, b. of ādāb (good manners) ch.5 (3:1689#2144); and Ahmad bin Hambal in Musnad (3:175,196,212).

[40]. Related by Bukhārī in his as-Sahīh, b. of isti’dhān (asking permission) ch.41 (5:2316#5925).

[41]. Muslim, as-Sahīh, b. of fadā’il (merits) ch.22 (4:1815#2331); Ahmad bin Hambal, Musnad (3:136).

[42]. Muslim, as-Sahīh, b. of fadā’il-us-sahābah, (virtues of the Companions) ch.38 (4:1943#2497).

[43]. Related by Ahmad bin Hambal in Musnad (4:42).

[44]. Ahmad bin hambal, Musnad (3:496); Ibn Sa‘d, at-Tabaqāt-ul-kubrā (2:50-1).

[45]. Related by Ibn Kathīr in al-Bidāyah wan-nihāyah (4:368).

[46]. Qādī ‘Iyād, ash-Shifā (2:620).

[47]. Bukhārī, as-Sahīh, b. of wakālah (representation) ch.8 (2:811#2185); Muslim, as-Sahīh, b. of musāqāt (watering) ch.21 (3;1222-3#715); Ahmad bin Hambal, Musnad (3:299,314).

[48]. Related by Muslim in his as-Sahīh, b. of fadā’il (virtues) ch.19 (4:1812#2324).

[49]. Abū Dāwūd narrated it in his Sunan, b. of jihad (3:46#2647), b. of adab (good manners) (4:356#5223); Tirmidhī, al-Jāmi‘-us-sahīh, b. of jihad, ch.36 (4:215#1716); Ibn Mājah, Sunan, b. of adab, ch.16 (2:1221#3704); Bukhārī, al-Adab-ul-mufrad (p.338#972); Ahmad bin Hambal, Musnad (2:70,100); Ibn Sa‘d, at-Tabaqāt-ul-kubrā (4:145); Ibn Abū Shaybah, al-Musannaf (8:561-2#5256-7); Sa‘īd bin Mansūr, Sunan (2:209-10#2539); Bayhaqī, as-Sunan-ul-kubrā (9:76-7), Shu‘ab-ul-īmān (4:50-1#4311); and Baghawī in Sharh-us-sunnah (11:68-9#2708).

[50]. Abū Dāwūd, Sunan, b. of adab (good manners) 4:357 (#5225); Bayhaqī, as-Sunan-ul-kubrā (7:102).

[51]. Related by Bukhārī in his al-Adab-ul-mufrad (p.339#975).

[52]. Ibn Mājah narrated it in his Sunan, b. of adab (good manners) ch.16 (2:1221#3705); Tirmidhī in al-Jāmi‘-us-sahīh, b. of isti’dhān (asking for permission) ch.33 (5:77#2733) and graded it hasan (fair) sahīh (sound); Ahmad bin Hambal, Musnad (4:239); Ibn Abū Shaybah, al-Musannaf (8:562#6258); Abū Dāwūd Tayālisī, Musnad (p.160#1164); Hākim in al-Mustadrak (1:9) labelled it as sahīh while Dhahabī endorsed him. Tabarānī, al-Mu‘jam-ul-kabīr (8:69-70#7396); Abū Nu‘aym, Hilyat-ul-awliyā’ wa tabaqāt-ul-asfiyā’ (5:97-8); Bayhaqī, Dalā’il-un-nubuwwah (6:268).