Islamic Concept of Intermediation (tawassul)

References

[1] .Qur’ān (ash-Shu‘arā’ ) 26:83.

[2].Qādī Thanā’ullāh Pānī Patī,at-Tafsīr-ul-mazharī (7:72).

[3].Rāzī,at-Tafsīr-ul-kabīr (24:148).

[4].Qur’ān (al-Baqarah ) 2:130.

[5].Qur’ān (at-Tawbah ) 9:119.

[6].Qur’ān (Luqmān ) 31:15.

[7].Qur’ān (Yūsuf ) 12:101.

[8].Ahmad bin Hambal transmitted it in hisMusnad (5:191); Hākim,al-Mustadrak (1:516); Tabarānī,al-Mu‘jam-ul-kabīr (5:119,157 #4803,4932); and Haythamī inMajma‘-uz-zawā’id (10:113).

[9].Abū Dāwūd narrated it in hisSunan , b. of zakat (2:122#1646); Nasā’ī,Sunan , b. of zakat (5:95); Ahmad bin Hambal,Musnad (4:334); Bukhārī,at-Tārīkh-ul-kabīr (7:138); Bayhaqī,as-Sunan-ul-kubrā (4:197); Ibn ‘Abd-ul-Barr,at-Tamhīd (4:107); and ‘Alā’-ud-Dīn ‘Alī inKanz-ul-‘ummāl (6:502#16721).

[10].Muhammad Khalīl Harās,Sharh al-‘Aqīdat-ul-wāsitiyyah (p.153).

[11].Qur’ān (al-Baqarah ) 2:28.

[12].Qur’ān (al-Baqarah ) 2:154.

[13].Qur’ān (Āl-i-‘Imrān ) 3:169.

[14].Bukhārī narrated it in hisas-Sahīh , b. ofmaghāzī (military expeditions led by the Prophet) ch.7 (4:1461#3757); Muslim,as-Sahīh , b. ofjannah wa sifat na‘īmihā wa ahlihā (Paradise, attributes of its and natives) ch.17 (4:2203#2874); Ahmad bin Hambal,Musnad (3:145; 4:29); Tabarānī,al-Mu‘jam-ul-kabīr (5:96#4701); Baghawī,Sharh-us-sunnah (13:384#3779); Ibn Kathīr,al-Bidāyah wan-nihāyah (1:210); Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalānī,Fath-ul-bārī (7:301); & Haythamī inMajma‘-uz-zawā’id (6:90-1).

[15].Ibn Mājah narrated thissahīh (sound) hadith in hisSunan , b. ofjanā’iz (funerals) ch.65 (1:524#1636-7), b. ofiqāmat-us-salāt was-sunnah fīhā (establishing prayer and its sunnahs) ch.79 (1:345#1085); Abū Dāwūd,Sunan , b. ofsalāt (prayer) 1:275#1047); Nasā’ī,Sunan , b. ofjumu‘ah (Friday prayer) 3:92; Ahmad bin Hambal,Musnad (4:8); Ibn Hibbān,as-Sahīh (3:191#910); Dārimī,Sunan (1:307#1580); Ibn Khuzaymah,as-Sahīh (3:118#1733); Ibn Abū Shaybah,al-Musannaf (2:516); Hākim,al-Mustadrak (1:278); Tabarānī,al-Mu‘jam-ul-kabīr (1:217#589); and Bayhaqī inas-Sunan-ul-kubrā (3:249).

[16].Haythamī transmitted it inMajma‘-uz-zawā’id (9:24) and said that that tradition had been reported by Bazzār (in hisMusnad ) and its sub-narrators are all ofsahīh (sound) hadith. ‘Irāqī has confirmed the soundness of its transmission in his bookTarh-ut-tathrīb fī sharh-it-taqrīb (3:297). Ibn Sa‘d has recorded it inat-Tabaqāt-ul-kubrā (2:194). Qādī ‘Iyād has inscribed this tradition inash-Shifā (1:19); and Suyūtī, recording it inal-Khasā’is-ul-kubrā (2:281) andManāhil-us-sifā fī takhrīj ahādīth ash-Shifā (p.3), has commented that Ibn Abū Usāmah in hisMusnad has reproduced it through Bakr bin ‘Abdullāh Muzanī and Bazzār in hisMusnad who have relied on its narration by ‘Abdullāh bin Mas‘ūd with a sound chain of transmission. It has been endorsed by Khafājī and Mullā ‘Alī Qārī in their

commentaries onash-Shifā, i.e.Nasīm-ur-riyād (1:102) andSharh ash-Shifā (1:36) respectively. Hadith-scholar Ibn-ul-Jawzī has reproduced it inal-Wafā bi-ahwāl-il-mustafā (2:809-10) from Bakr bin ‘Abdullāh and Anas bin Mālik. Subkī has copied this tradition inShifā’-us-siqām fī ziyārat khayr-il-anām (p.34) from Bakr bin ‘Abdullāh Muzanī, and Ibn ‘Abd-ul-Hādī inas-Sārim-ul-munkī (p.266-7) has authenticated its veracity. Bazzār’s tradition has also been recorded by Ibn Kathīr inal-Bidāyah wan-nihāyah (4:257). Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalānī narrated it through Bakr bin ‘Abdullāh Muzanī inal-Matālib-ul-‘āliyah (4:22-3#3853). ‘Alā’-ud-Dīn ‘Alī copied Ibn Sa‘d’s tradition inKanz-ul-‘ummāl (11:407#31903) and from Hārith (#31904). Nabhānī related it inHujjatullāh ‘alal-‘ālamīn fī mu‘jazāt sayyid-il-mursalīn (p.713).

[17].Qur’ān (al-Isrā’ ) 17:85.

[18].Ibn-ul-Qayyim,Kitāb-ur-rūh (p.13).

[19].Ibn-ul-Qayyim,Kitāb-ur-rūh (p.13).

[20].Qur’ān (al-Kahf ) 18:82.

[21].Qur’ān (Hūd ) 11:46.

[22].Bukhārī narrated it in hisas-Sahīh , b. ofistisqā’ (to invoke Allah for rain at the time of drought) ch.3 (1:342-3#964), b. offadā’il-us-sahābah (virtues of the Companions) ch.11 (3:1360#3507); Ibn Hibbān,as-Sahīh (7:110-1#2861); Ibn Khuzaymah,as-Sahīh (2:337-8#1421); Ibn ‘Abd-ul-Barr,al-Istī‘āb fī ma‘rifat-il-ashāb (3:97); Bayhaqī,as-Sunan-ul-kubrā (3:352),Dalā’il-un-nubuwwah (6:147); Baghawī,Sharh-us-sunnah (4:409#1165); Subkī,Shifā’-us-siqām fī ziyārat khayr-il-anām (p.128); Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalānī,Fath-ul-bārī (2:494); and Zurqānī in hisCommentary (11:152).

[23].Hākim transmitted it in hisal-Mustadrak (3:334); Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalānī,Fath-ul-bārī (2:497); Qastallānī,al-Mawāhib-ul-laduniyyah (4:277); and Zurqānī in hisCommentary (11:152).

[24].Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalānī narrated it inFath-ul-bārī (2:497); Subkī,Shifā’-us-siqām fī ziyārat khayr-il-anām (p.128); Qastallānī,al-Mawāhib-ul-laduniyyah (4:277); and Zurqānī in hisCommentary (11:152).

[25].Related by Ibn ‘Abd-ul-Barr inal-Istī‘āb fī ma‘rifat-il-ashāb (3:98).

[26].Subkī,Shifā’-us-siqām fī ziyārat khayr-il-anām (p.128).

[27].Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalānī,Fath-ul-bārī (2:497); and Zurqānī also copied in hisCommentary (11:152).

[28].Muslim narrated it in hisas-Sahīh , b. offadā’il-us-sahābah (virtues of the Companions) ch.55 (4:1968#2542); Hākim,al-Mustadrak (3:403); Abū Nu‘aym,Hilyat-ul-awliyā’ wa tabaqāt-ul-asfiyā’ (2:79-80); and Ibn ‘Asākir in hisTahdhīb tārīkh Dimashq al-kabīr generally known asTārīkh/Tahdhīb Ibn ‘Asākir (3:163).

[29].Related by Muslim in hisas-Sahīh , b. offadā’il-sahābah (virtues of the Companions) ch.55 (4:1969#2542).

[30].Muslim narrated it in hisas-Sahīh , b. offadā’il-us-sahābah (virtues of the Companions) ch.55 (4:1968#2542); Hākim,al-Mustadrak (3:403-4); Abū Nu‘aym,Hilyat-ul-awliyā’ wa tabaqāt-ul-asfiyā’ (2:80); and Ibn ‘Asākir in hisTahdhīb tārīkh Dimashq al-kabīr generally known asTārīkh/Tahdhīb Ibn ‘Asākir (3:163).

[31].Related by Bukhārī in hisas-Sahīh , b. of jihad, ch.75 (3:1061#2740), b. ofmanāqib (merits) ch.22 (3:1316#3399), b. offadā’il-us-sahābah (virtues of the Companions) ch.1 (3:1335#3449).

[32].Ahmad bin Hambal,Musnad (1:112); Haythamī,Majma‘-uz-zawā’id (10:62).

[33].Haythamī narrated it inMajma‘-uz-zawā’id (8:92).

[34].Tabarānī narrated it inal-Mu‘jam-ul-kabīr (10:217#10518); Abū Ya‘lā,Musnad (9:177); Ibn-us-Sunnī,‘Amal-ul-yawm wal-laylah (p.162#502); Haythamī,Majma‘-uz-zawā’id (10:132); and Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalānī inal-Matālib-ul-‘āliyah (3:239#3375).

[35].Related by Bukhārī in hisas-Sahīh , b. of jihad, ch.75 (3:1061#2739).

[36].Qur’ān (al-Baqarah ) 2:125.

[37].Qur’ān (Tā-Hā ) 20:95.

[38].Qur’ān (Tā-Hā ) 20:96.

[39].Qur’ān (al-Baqarah ) 2:248.

[40].see ch.5, section 4.

[41].Related by Muslim in hisas-Sahīh , b. ofzuhd war-raqā’iq (piety and softening of hearts) ch.1 (4:2286#2981).

[42].Qur’ān (al-Kahf ) 18:21.

[43].Qādī Thanā’ullāh Pānī Patī,at-Tafsīr-ul-mazharī (6:23).

[44].Related by Muslim in hisas-Sahīh , b. ofjanā’iz (funerals) ch.33 (2:668#972).

[45].Qādī Thanā’ullāh Pānī Patī,at-Tafsīr-ul-mazharī (6:24).

[46].Qur’ān (al-Kahf ) 18:18.

[47].Qur’ān (al-Kahf ) 18:22.