Islamic Concept of Intermediation (tawassul)

References

[1]. Qur’ān (al-Baqarah) 2:186.

[2]. Qur’ān (al-Isrā’ ) 17:110.

[3]. Qur’ān (al-Mā’idah) 5:54.

[4]. Muhammad bin ‘Alawī al-Mālikī, Mafāhīm yajib an tusahhah, (pp.117-8).

[5]. Ibn Mājah transmitted it in his Sunan, b. of iqāmat-us-salāt was-sunnah fīhā (establishing prayer and its sunnahs), ch.189 (1:441#1385) and declared it sahīh (sound); Tirmidhī in al-Jāmi‘-us-sahīh, b. of da‘awāt (supplications), ch.119 (5:569#3578) and graded it hasan (fair) sahīh (sound) gharīb (unfamiliar or rare); Ahmad bin Hambal in his Musnad (4:138); and Hākim in al-Mustadrak (1:313,519,526-7) and Dhahabī also declared it sahīh (sound). Bukhārī narrated it in at-Tārīkh-ul-kabīr (6:209-10); Nasā’ī, ‘Amal-ul-yawm wal-laylah (pp.417-8#658-60); Ibn Khuzaymah, as-Sahīh (2:225-6#1219); Bayhaqī, Dalā’il-un-nubuwwah (6:166-7); Ibn-us-Sunnī, ‘Amal-ul-yawm wal-laylah (p.202#622); Subkī, Shifā’-us-siqām fī ziyārat khayr-il-anām (pp.123,125); Nawawī, al-Adhkār (p.83); Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāyah wan-nihāyah (4:558-9); Ibn-ul-Athīr, Asad-ul-ghābah (3:571); Mundhirī, at-Targhīb wat-tarhīb (1:473-4); Yūsuf Mizzī, Tuhfat-ul-ashrāf bi-ma‘rifat-il-atrāf (7:236#9760); Suyūtī, Khasā’is-ul-kubrā (2:201); Qastallānī, al-Mawāhib-ul-laduniyyah (4:594); Zurqānī in his Commentary (12:221-2); Ibn Hajar Haythamī, al-Jawhar-ul-munazzam (p.61); and Shawkānī in Tuhfat-udh-dhākirīn (pp.194-5).

[6]. Bukhārī narrated it in his as-Sahīh, b. of istisqā’ (to invoke Allah for rain at the time of drought) ch.3 (1:342-3#964), and b. of fadā’il-us-sahābah (the virtues of the Companions) ch.11 (3:1360#3507); Ibn Hibbān, as-Sahīh (7:110-1#2861); Ibn Khuzaymah, as-Sahīh (2:337-8#1421); Hākim, al-Mustadrak (3:334); Ibn ‘Abd-ul-Barr, al-Istī‘āb fī ma‘rifat-il-ashāb (3:97); Bayhaqī in as-Sunan-ul-kubrā (3:352) and Dalā’il-un-nubuwwah (6:147); Baghawī, Sharh-us-sunnah (4:409#1165); Nawawī, al-Adhkār (p.80); Subkī, Shifā’-us-siqām fī ziyārat khayr-il-anām (p.128); Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalānī, Fath-ul-bārī (2:494); Qastallānī, al-Mawāhib-ul-laduniyyah (4:277); Zurqānī in his Commentary (11:151-3); Shawkānī, Tuhfat-udh-dhākirīn (p.58); and Muhammad Zāhid Kawtharī in his Maqālāt (p.380).

[7]. Dārimī narrated it in ch.15 of the muqaddimah (introduction) to his Sunan (1:43#93); Ibn-ul-Jawzī, al-Wafā’ bi-ahwāl-il-Mustafā (2:801); Subkī, Shifā’-us-siqām fī ziyārat khayr-il-anām (p.128); Qastallānī, al-Mawāhib-ul-laduniyyah (4:276); and Zurqānī in his Commentary (11:150).

[8]. Rāghib Asfahānī, Mufradāt alfāz al-Qur’ān (p.871).

[9]. Ibn Manzūr, Lisān-ul-Arab (11:725).

[10]. Zamakhsharī, al-Kashshāf ‘an haqā’iq ghawāmid-it-tanzīl (1:488).

[11]. Bukhārī, as-Sahīh, b. of adhān (the call to prayer) ch.8 (1:222#589); Nasā’ī, Sunan, b. of adhān (2:27); Ahmad bin Hambal, Musnad (3:354); Ibn Hajar ‘Asqalānī, Fath-ul-bārī (2:94; 8:399); Bayhaqī, as-Sunan-ul-kubrā (1:410); Baghawī, Sharh-us-sunnah (2:283-4#420); Muhammad Khatīb Tabrīzī, Mishkāt-ul-masābīh, b. of salāt (prayer) ch.4 (1:216#659).

[12]. Qur’ān (Sād) 38:82.

[13]. Qur’ān (al-Mā’idah) 5:35.

[14]. Ismā‘īl Dihlawī, Sirāt mustaqīm (p.58).

[15]. Qur’ān (Āl-i-‘Imrān) 3:38.

[16]. Qur’ān (al-Baqarah) 2:61.

[17]. Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāyah wan-nihāyah (5:30).

[18]. Haythamī narrates it in Majma‘-uz-zawā’id (10:132) and says that its men are trustworthy.

[19]. Bukhārī, as-Sahīh, b. of zakat (obligatory charity) ch.51 (2:536-7#1405); Tabarānī transmitted it in al-Mu‘jam-ul-awsat (9:331#8720); and Haythamī cited it in Majma‘-uz-zawā’id (10:371).

[20]. Qur’ān (an-Nisā’) 4:64.