Islamic Environmental Stewardship: Nature and Science in the Light of Islamic Philosophy

Bibliography

Abdul-Matin, Ibrahim.Exclusive: Ground Zero Mosque Goes Green . August 12, 2010.http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2010-08-12/exclusiveground-zero-mosque-goes-green/full/full/>. (accessed August 22, 2010).

Alliance of Religions and Conservation.ARC - News and Features - Historic Istanbul Declaration of the Muslim 7 Year Action Plan on Climate Change. July 8, 2009. http://www.arcworld.org/news.asp?pageID=334 (accessed August 27, 2010).

arwafreelance.A World of Green Muslims . http://aworldofgreenmuslims.wordpress.com/ (accessed August 25, 2010).

Bucaille, Maurice.The Bible, the Qur’an and Science: The Holy Scriptures Examined in the Light of Modern Knowledge . Translated by Alastair D. Pannell and Maurice Bucaille. Indianapolis, IN: American Trust Publications, 1978.

Burckhardt, Titus. “Cosmology and Modern Science .” Tomorrow, Summer 1964:186.

Chittick, William C.Science of the Cosmos, Science of the Soul: The Pertinence of Islamic Cosmology in the Modern Worl d. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2007.

Dien, Mawil Izzi. “Islam and the Environment: Theory and Practice .”In Islam and Ecology: A Bestowed Trust , edited by Richard C. Foltz, M. Frederick Denny and Azizan Baharuddin, 107-108. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Center for the Study of World Religions, 2003.

Ecleston, Paul.Red List of endangered species - wildlife disappearing as never before .September 12, 2007. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/3306508/Red-List-of-endangered-species-wildlife-disappearing-as-never-before.html (accessed August 31, 2010).

Evangelical Climate Initiative.Evangelical Climate Initiative »A Christian Call to Action on Climate . http://christiansandclimate.org/ (accessed August 28, 2010).

Green Prophet.Cleantech & Environment News from the Middle East . http://www.greenprophet.com/ (accessed August 25, 2010).

GreenDeenBook. http://www.greendeenbook.com (accessed August 23, 2010).

Iqbal, Muzaffar. Science and Islam. New York, NY: Greenwood Press, 2007.

Kazi, M.A.Qur’anic Concepts and Scientific Theories . Amman: Islamic Academy of Sciences, 1999.

Miller, Timothy.The Hippies and American Values. Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee Press, 1991.

MEEM. About «MEEM. http://greenmeem.wordpress.com/about/ (accessed August 23, 2010).

MSNBC.First half of 2010 warmest on record - U.S. news - Environment - Climate Change - msnbc.com. July 15, 2010. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38263788/(accessed August 31, 2010).

Nadvi, Mohammed Shihabuddin.Qur’an, Science and the Muslims. Translated by Khalid Irfan and Sayeedur Rahman Nadvi. Bangalore: Furqania Academy Trust, 2001.

Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Man and Nature: The Spiritual Crisis of Modern Man . Chicago, IL: ABC International Group, Inc., 1997.

-.The Need for a Sacred Science . London: State University of New York Press, 1993.

Northbourne, Lord. “Pictures of the Universe .” Tomorrow, Autumn 1964: 275.

Oxford Dictionaries Online. definition of science from Oxford Dictionaries Online.http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_us1287825#m_en_us12878 (accessed August 29, 2010).

Peacethought.com.The scientific and mathematical miracles of the Qur’an http://www.peacethought.com/miracles.htm (accessed October 10, 2010).

Schuon, Frithjof.Light on the Ancient Worlds . Translated by Lord Northbourne.London: Perennial Books, 1965.

-.Light on the Ancient Worlds: A New Translation with Selected Letters. Edited by Deborah Casey. Translated by Deborah Casey, Mark Perry, Jean-Pierre Lafouge and James S. Cutsinger. Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2006.

Scott, James C.Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed . New York, NY: Yale University Press, 1999.

Taylor, F. Sherwood. TheFourfold Vision: A Study of the Relations of Science and Religion . London: Chapman & Hall Ltd., 1945.

The Qur’ann

. Interpreted by Muhammad Asad. Dubai: Orient Express, 2003.

-. Interpreted by Mohammedali H. Shakir. New York: Tahrike Tarsile Quran, 1997.

The Seyyed Hossein Nasr Foundation. Biography / Dr. Seyyed Hossein Nasr. http://www.nasrfoundation.org/bios.html (accessed August 27, 2010).

Notes

1-Regarding terms used in this essay, the term “sacred tradition” is used here in reference to all paths of enlightenment and revelation ranging from Christianity to Islam to Buddhism. Additionally, all references in this essay to traditional and sacred sciences are meant to address those sciences that study not only the physical domain of reality, but the metaphysical as well, and are typically associated with any of such sacred traditions. With that said, this essay also provides a criticism of modern science for both its ignoring of the metaphysical domain and for its dominant claim as the only science of nature. Its dominating adoption of strictly empirical methodologies, such as that of logical positivism, is addressed in this essay and regarded as an instigator to the environmental crisis. Such criticism is not new and has been voiced by many others before, including religious philosophers, historians of science and scientists themselves. Examples of prominent thinkers, from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, that have criticized modern science for these or similar reasons are Émile Meyerson, Alfred North Whitehead, F. Sherwood Taylor, Jacques Maritian, G.D. Yarnold, Lord Northbourne, Titus Burckhardt, Frithjof Schuon, Seyyed Hossein Nasr and William C. Chittick.

2-Perennialism is a philosophy that recognizes the universal recurrence of philosophical insight existent throughout epochs, sacred traditions and cultures, especially regarding dimensions of universal truth on the nature of reality.

3- Nasr Foundation: Islamic Teachings, “Biography / Dr. Seyyed Hossein Nasr.”, http://www.nasrfoundation.org/bios.html (Accessed August 22, 2010).

4 Paul Ecleston, “Red List of endangered species - wildlife disappearing as never before.” Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/3306508/Red-List-of-endangered-species-wildlifedisappearing- as-never-before.html (accessed August 31, 2010); MSNBC, “First half of 2010 warmest on record - U.S. news - Environment - Climate Change - msnbc.com.” http://www.msnbc.msn.com/ id/38263788/ (accessed August 31, 2010)

5 Qur’an, trans. Muhammad Asad, 27:18-[^19]: Modified.

6 The Qur’an 27:15-19

7 The Qur’an 4:136

8 The Qur’an 55:1-13

9 The Qur’an 2:30, 33:72

10 The Qur’an 13:15, 16:49, 22:18, 55:6

11 The Qur’an 16:49-50, 64:1

12 The Qur’an 2:164, 3:190, 6:99, 10:6, 10:67, 13:3-4, 16:69, 17:12, 20:54, 24:44-46, 26:7-8, 27:86, 29:44, 30:20-25, 30:46, 32:27, 34:15, 36:33-44, 40:79-81, 41:37-39, 42:29, 45:1-13, 50:6-11, 51:20-23, 71:14-20, 78:6-16, 79:27-33, 88:17-20

13 Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Man and Nature: The Spiritual Crisis of Modern Man (Chicago: ABC International Group, Inc, 1997), 94-[^95]:

14 Qur’an, trans. Mohammedali H. Shakir, 2:[^164]: Modified.

15 The Qur’an 2:25

16 The Qur’an 3:195, 18:30-31

17 as well as the Qur’anic 17 Peacethought.com, “The scientific and mathematical miracles of the Qur,” http://www.peacethought.com/miracles.htm (accessed October 10, 2010). See “Example 7: Mathematical Miracles of The Qur’an”.

18 M.A. Kazi, Qur’anic Concepts and Scientific Theories (Amman: Islamic Academy of Sciences, 1999), 41-[^46]:

19 Maurice Bucaille, The Bible, the Qur’an and Science: The Holy Scriptures Examined in the Light of Modern Knowledge, trans. Alastair D. Pannell and Maurice Bucaille (Indianapolis: American Trust Publications, 1978), 178-[^180]:

20 Ibid., 151-[^169]:

21 Man and Nature, [^25]:

22 Muzaffar Iqbal, Science and Islam (New York: Greenwood Press, 2007), [^31]:

23 Ibid., 124-[^129]:

24 Ibid.

25 Frithjof Schuon, Light on the Ancient Worlds: A New Translation with Selected Letters, trans. Deborah Casey, Mark Perry, Jean-Pierre Lafouge and James S. Cutsinger, ed. Deborah Casey (Bloomington, IN: World Wisdom, 2006), 45-[^57]:

26 Ibid., [^47]:

27 Ibid.

28 Man and Nature, [^55]:

29 Ibid., 51-[^75]:

30 Evangelical Climate Initiative “Evangelical Climate Initiative » A Christian Call to Action on Climate,” http://christiansandclimate.org/ (accessed August 28, 2010)

31 Man and Nature, 37

32 Ibid., 82-[^83]:

33 See: “The Sacred and the Profane, the Nature of Religion” (1959) by Mircea Eliade; “Zen Catholicism” (1994) by Don A. Graham; “The Spiritual Crisis of the Scientific Age” (1959) by G.D. Yarnold

34 Oxford Dictionaries Online, “definition of science from Oxford Dictionaries Online,”http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_us1287825#m_en_us12878 (accessed August 10, 2010).

35 F. Sherwood Taylor, The Fourfold Vision: A Study of the Relations of Science and Religion (London: Chapman & Hall Ltd., 1945), [^91]:

36 Dien, Mawil Izzi, ed. Richard C. Foltz, Frederick M. Denny and Azzizan Baharuddin, “Islam and the Environment: Theory and Practice,” in Islam and Ecology: A Bestowed Trust (Cambridge:Harvard Center For The Study Of World Religions, 2003), 107-[^108]:

37 Seyyed Hossein Nasr, The Need For a Sacred Science (London: State University of New York Press, 1993), [^97]:

38 William C. Chittick, Science of the Cosmos, Science of the Soul: The Pertinence of Islamic Cosmology in the Modern World (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2007), 12 -[^16]:

39 Ibid.

40 Frithjof Schuon, Light on the Ancient Worlds, trans. Lord Northbourne (London: Perennial Books, 1965), [^38]:

41 Man and Nature, 21-[^31]:

42 Ibid., [^23]:

43 Light on the Ancient Worlds, trans. Lord Northbourne, [^105]:

44 Man and Nature, [^21]:

45 Titus Burckhardt, “Cosmology and Modern Science,” Tomorrow (Summer 1964): [^186]:

46 Lord Northbourne, “Pictures of the Universe,” Tomorrow (Autumn 1964): [^275]:

47 Mohammed Shihabuddin Nadvi, Qur’an, Science and the Muslims, trans. Khalid Irfan and Sayeedur Rahman Nadvi (Bangalore: Furqania Academy Trust, 2001), 112-[^113]:

48 James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New York: Yale University Press, 1999), 304-[^306]:

49 Man and Nature, 3-[^4]:

50 Timothy Miller, The Hippies and American Values (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1991), 104-[^106]:

51 Alliance of Religions and Conservation, “ARC - News and Features - Historic Istanbul Declaration of the Muslim 7 Year Action Plan on Climate Change,” http://www.arcworld.org/news.asp?pageID=334 (accessed August 27, 2010).

52 The Daily Beast, “Exclusive: Ground Zero Mosque Goes Green - The Daily Beast,” http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2010-08-12/exclusive-ground-zero-mosque-goes-green/full/full/ (accessed August 22, 2010).

53 GreenDeenBook.com, “GreenDeenBook.com,” http://www.greendeenbook.com (accessed August 23, 2010)

54 arwafreelance, “A World of Green Muslims,” http://aworldofgreenmuslims.wordpress.com/(accessed August 23, 2010)

55 Green Prophet, “Green Prophet | Cleantech & Environment News from the Middle East,”http://www.greenprophet.com/ (accessed August 23, 2010)

56 MEEM, “About « MEEM,” http://greenmeem.wordpress.com/about/ (accessed August 23, 2010)