Madrasahs in Pakistan [untill: 2005]

Notes

[^1]        Malik, Jamal, Colonization of Islam: Dissolution of Traditional Institutions in Islam, Dhaka [University Press], [^1999]:

[^2]        Khalid, Saleem Mansoor, Din-i-Madaris may taalim: Kaifiat, Masial, Imkanaat, Islamabad [Institute of Policy Studies], [^2002]:

[^3]        Rehman, Tariq, Denizens of an Alien World: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan, Karachi [Oxford University Press], [^2004]:

[^4]        Zaman, Qasim, The Ulema in Contemporary Islam: The Custodians of Change, Karachi [Oxford University Press], [^2004]:

[^5]        Sikand, Yoginder, Bastions of the Believers: Madrassa and Islamic Education in India, New Delhi [Penguin Book India, Pvt. Ltd], [^2005]:

[^6]        Canland, Christopher,”Religious Education and Violence in Pakistan,” in: Charles H. Kennedy and Cynthia Botteron, (ed.), Pakistan 2005, Karachi [Oxford University Press], [^2006]:

[^7]        Canland, Christopher, “Pakistan’s Recent Experience in Reforming Islamic Education,” in: Hathaway, Robert M. (ed.), Education Reforms in Pakistan: Building for the Future, Washington, DC [Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars], [^2007]:

[^8]        Report NRDF,  [^2005]:

[^9]        Report ICRD [^2004]:

[^10]      Mohammad, Azizan, Akhir, Noor Sheiikh Mat, “Islamic Education and Self Fortification”, in Wasy, Akhtarul, (ed.), Islam and the Modern Age,  Dehli [Jamia Millia Press], [^2006]:

[^11]      Ali, Saleem H., Islam and Education: Conflict and Conformity in Pakistan’s Madrassas, Karachi [Oxford University Press], [^2009]:

[^12]      Fair, C. Christine, Madrassa Challenge: Militancy and Religious Education in Pakistan, Lahore [Vanguard Book Pvt. Ltd], [^2009]:

[^13]      Muhaddis, monthly journal of the Islamic Research Council, [^2005]:

[^14]      Wifaqul Madaris, monthly journal of the Wafaqul Madaris Al Arabia, Pakistan.

[^15]      Al-Haq, monthly journal of the Darul Ulum Haqqaniya, Akora Khatak.

[^16]      According to Muslim belief Adam ( Alaih Salam ) was the first human being created by God and the human race follows after him. Allah Almighty tested the knowledge of all the Angels and Adam at the same time for the same things. It was revealed that Adam ( Alaih Salam ) had more knowledge than that of the Angels. Detail is given in Surah Albaqara of the Holy Qur’an.

[^17]      Akhir, Noor Sheikh Mat, Muhammad Azizan, “Islamic Education and Self Fortification” in: Wasay Akhtarul, (ed.), Islam and the Modern Age , Delhi [Jamia Millia Press], 2006, pp.77-[^95]:

[^18]      See Maslow, A. H, Towards a Psychology of Being, second edition , Princeton, 1968, p. [^41]:

[^19]      In al-Ghazali’s view, what should be considered as useful knowledge is that which furthers a person’s growth and contributes to eternal life. See:  Akhir, op. cit., p. [^84]:

[^20]      This and other such hadiths have been quoted in Jamia Tirmidhi compiled by Abu Esa Mohammad Bin Esa Al-Tirmidhi. Jamia Tirmidhi is regarded as one of the six authentic books of hadiths (Sihah-e-Sitta ) among Sunni Muslims.

[^21]      Muberakpuri, Qazi Athar, Khairal Qarun Ki Darsgahe Aur Unka Nizam-i-Talim , Deoband [Sheik ul  Hind Academy], 1996, p. [^87]:

[^22]      Sufi, G.M.D, Al-Minhaj: Being the Evolution of Culture in the Muslim Educational Institution of India , Lahore [Sheikh Muhammad Ashraf], [^1941]: p. 80.

[^23]      They included the four immediate successors of the Holy Prophet(PBUH). Abu Bakr (632-634), Umar (634-644), Uthman (644-656), Ali (656-661).

[^24]      Shah, Syed Mubark, Deeni Madaris ka Nizame Talim our us per Naqidana Nazar, M.Phil thesis, Sheikh Zyed Islamic Center, Peshawar University, n.d, pp. 55-[^60]:

[^25]      op. cit., p. [^61]:

[^26]      Sunnis recognize four Imams i.e. Abu Hanifa, Shaafi, Malik and Hanbal while the Shia believe in twelve imams of their own.

[^27] The interpretation of Qur’an and Sunnah by one of the recognized imams , also known as Islamic jurisprudence.

[^28]      Sikand, op. cit.,  pp 11–[^12]:

[^29]      op. cit., pp. 13 – [^15]:

[^30]      Http// www. Wikipedia.com, retrieved on June 9, [^2008]:

[^31]      Khwaja, Abu Ali Hassan, popularly known as Nizam Ul Mulk, was born in a village near Mashhad in Iran. He rose to become the prime minister of the Suljuk Turk Sultan Alp Arsalan. The system of madrasahs he established, was known as Nizamiya after his name. For more details see Ali Sayeed Rizwan, Nizam-ul-Mulk : Ek Azim Muffakir, Muddabir, Montazim Aur Mahiri Siyasat ,  [Karachi University], [^1995]:

[^32]      Sikand, op. cit., pp. 26 –[^27]:

[^33]      Sikand, op. cit., pp. 28 – [^31]:

[^34]      Khan, Mohammad Hamid Uddin, History of Muslim Education , vol. 1 (712 – 1750 AD). Karachi [Academy of Educational Research], 1967–68, pp.45–50, also see Shah, op. cit., pp.155- [^56]:

[^35]      Sikand op. cit., pp. 40-[^42]:

[^36]      Khan, op. cit., pp. 3–[^9]:

[^37]      Ikram, S.M, Muslim Rule in India and Pakistan (711 – [^1818]: A.C), Lahore [A. H Publishers], 1997, pp. 178 – 80.

[^38]      op. cit., pp. 514-16,  also see Sikand, op. cit., pp. 43 – [^45]:

[^39]      Farangi Mahal was a mansion in Lucknow which was given to the sons of Qutubaddin Sihalvi, a compiler of the Fatawa Alamgiri, by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.The third son of Qutbuddin Sihalvi, Mullah Nizammuddin, established a madrassa there and introduced his own scheme of studies in it. This is commonly known as Dars-e-Nizami and the madrassa was known as Madrassa Farangi Mahal.

[^40]      Metcalf, Babara Daly, Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860 – 1900 , Karachi [Royal Book Company], 1982, pp. 29-[^32]:

[^41]      op. cit.,  pp..39–44 see also Mohammad Umar, Islam in Northern India during the Eighteenth Century , New Dehli [Munshiram Manohar Lal], 1993, pp. 275-[^90]:

[^42]      Sikand, op. cit., pp. 48–[^51]:

[^43]      Metcalf, op. cit., pp. 46 – [^52]:

[^44]      ibid.

[^45]      Khalid, Saleem Mansoor, Deeni Madaris  may Taalim: Kaifiat, Masael Imkanat , Islamabad [Institute of Policy Studies], 2002, pp. 96- [^97]:

[^46]      Nehru, Jawahar Lal, The Discovery of India , London: 1951, p.275, quoted in Foruqui Zia-ul-Hassan, The Deoband School and the Demand for Pakistan , Delhi [Asia Publishing House], 1963, pp. 11-[^12]:

[^47]      Hunter, W.W, The Indian Musalmans , Calcutta [The Comrade Publishers], 1945, p. [^134]:

[^48]      Faruqi, op. cit., p. [^14]:

[^49]      Sikand, op. cit., pp. 64-[^68]:

[^50]      Mian, Maulana Syed Mohammad, Ulama-i-Hind ka Shandar  Mazi , vol. IV, Lahore [Istiqlal Press Lahore],  n.d,  pp. 50-[^58]:

[^51]      The Wahabis were the followers of Syed Ahmad Shaheed. They were inspired by the doctrines of Abdul Wahab of Najd in the eighteenth century. In the Subcontinent this group was considered associated with socio-political thoughts of Shah Waliullah.

[^52]      Nadwi, Sayyed Abul Hasan Ali, Madarise Islamiya Ka Muqam Aur Kam , Khataul [Mahad al Imam Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi], 2002, pp. 26-[^32]:

[^53]      Metcalf, op. cit., p. [^82]:

[^54]      Faruqi, op. cit., pp. 24 –[^25]:

[^55]      Faruqi, op. cit., p.[^103]:

[^56]      Metcalf, op. cit., p. [^103]:

[^57]      Hoodbhoy, Pervez Amirali, “Ideological Problems for Science in Pakistan,” in: Khan, Asghar (ed.), The Pakistan Experience: State and Religion , Lahore [Vanguard Books Limited], 1985, p. [^184]:

[^58]      Thorpe C. Lloyd, Education and the Development of Muslim Nationalism in Pre-Partition India , Karachi [Pakistan Historical Society], 1965, p. [^38]:

[^59]      Nadwi, Mohammad Ishaq Jails, Tahrikhe Nadwat ul Ulama , vol.1, Lucknow [Nadwat ul Ulama], 1983, pp. 26-[^31]:

[^60]      Ansari, Mohammad Iqbal, Nadwatul Ulama: EK Dini-o-Taalimi Tehrik (part –1), Islam Aur Asri Jadid, vol, 7, no. 2, April 1975, p. [^31]:

[^61]      op. cit., p. [^33]:

[^62]      op.cit., p. [^34]:

[^63]      Metcalf, op. cit., pp. 343-[^4]:

[^64]      Metcalf, op. cit., pp. 346-[^7]:

[^65]      Sikand, op. cit., pp. 84-[^5]:

[^66]      Thrope, C. Lloyd, Education and the Development of Muslim Nationalism in Pre-Partition India , Karachi [Pakistan Historical Society], 1965, pp. 37-39, see also Rahman, Tariq, Language and Politics in Pakistan , 1998, pp. 62-[^78]:

[^67]      op. cit., pp. 40-[^41]:

[^68]      Sikand, op. cit.,  p. [^86]:

[^69]      Sultan Abdul Hameed, the ruler of Turkey was considered the Khalifa over the whole Muslim world, an idea in which the Deobandi ulema strongly believed.

[^70]      Faruqi, Zia-ul-Hazan, op. cit.,  p.[^46]:

[^71]      op.cit., p. [^55]:

[^72]      Sikand, op.cit., pp. 87-[^8]:

[^73]      Miyan, Syed Mohammad, Jamiat-ul-Ulama Kiya Hay , (part I), [ Jamiat-ul-Ulama U.P. (publication division)], n.d. p.[^9]:

[^74]      Sikand, op. cit., p. [^89]:

[^75]      Faruqi, op. cit., pp. 10-[^11]:

[^76]      Madani, Syed Hussain Ahmed , Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam , New Delhi [Al-Jamiat Books Depot], n.d. p.[^15]:

[^77]      Faruqi, op. cit., pp. 70-[^71]:

[^78]      Sikand, op. cit., p. [^91]:

[^79]      Malik, Jamal , “Between National Integration and Islamism: Lucknow’s Nadwatul-ulama,” in: Mashirul-Hasan (ed.), Knowledge, Power and Politics: Educational Institutions in India , New Delhi [Role Books], 1990, p. [^225]:

[^80]      Quoted in Faruqi, op.cit, p.[^79]: Also in Numan Muhammad, Muslim India: Rise and Growth of the All India Muslim League, Allahabad [Kitabistan Publishers], 1942, pp. 213-14.

[^81]      For details, see Malik, Fateh Mohammad, Muslim Political Thought: A Reconstruction, Islamabad [Alhamra Publishing], 2002, pp. 191-[^209]:

[^82]      Faruqi, op.cit., p. [^104]:

[^83]      Faruqi, op.cit., p.[^118]:

[^84]      Sikand, op.cit., p. [^92]:

[^85]      Maudoodi, Abul Ala , Mussalman Aur Majooda Syasi Kashmakash, quoted in Aziz K.K. , The Making of Pakisan, p. [^148]:

[^86]      Hoodbhoy, Pervez Amir Ali, and Nayyer Abdul Hameed, “Rewriting the History of Pakistan” in: Khan Asghar (ed.), The Pakistan Experience: State and Religion , Lahore [Vanguard Books Ltd], [^1985]: p. 172.

[^87]      op. cit., p. [^172]:

[^88]      Khan, M. Ismail , “Inside the Booming madrassa Economy”, The News, 21 July [^2007]:

[^89]      Anzar, Uzma , “Islamic Education: A Brief History of madrassa with Comments on Curricular and Pedagogical Practices”, <http://www.frcu.eun.eg/www/universities/ html/azhar.html#faculties>.

[^90]      Malik, Jamal, Colonization of Islam: Dissolution of Traditional Institutions in Pakistan, Dhaka [The University Press Limited], 1999, p. [^230]:

[^91]      Rahman, Tariq, Denizens of an Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan, Karachi [Oxford University Press], 2004, p. [^78]:

[^92]      ICG, "Pakistan: madrassas, Extremism and the Militancy", International Crises Group, [^2002]:

[^93] IPS, “Pakistan Religious Education Institutions: an Overview”, Islamabad [Institute of Policy Study], Islamabad, 2002, p. [^22]:

[^94]      Taken from the website of Darul-Uloom Deoband http://www.darululum.deoband.com/english.

[^95]      Rehman, op.cit., pp. 84-[^85]:

[^96]      Nayyar, A.H, “Madrassa Education Frozen in Time”, in: Hoodbhoy, Pervez Amir Ali (ed.), State and Education: Fifty Years of Pakistan , Karachi [Oxford University Press], 1998, p. [^243]:

[^97]      Rehman, op.cit., pp. 86-[^7]:

[^98]      Government of Pakistan, Din-i-madaris Ki Jame Report , Islamabad [Islamic Education Research Cell], Ministry of Education, 1988, pp. 73-[^76]:

[^99]      Rehman, op.cit., p. [^87]:

[^100] Ibid.

[^101] Ahmadis are the followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835-1908) who claimed the Prophethood of Islam for himself. Now the Ahmadis are a sect, and Ahmadis are found mostly in the Punjab, some on the Indian side at Qadian and others on the Pakistan side at Rabwah and Lahore. Ahmadis earned criticism from the Muslims for not believing in the finality of the Prophet (PBUH). Ahmadis were officially declared non-Muslims under the Pakistan Constitution of [^1973]:

[^102] Rehman, op.cit., p. [^88]:

[^103] Rehman, op.cit., p. [^89]:

[^104] IPS, op. cit., p. [^37]:

[^105] op. cit., p. 37-[^8]:

[^106] op. cit., p. [^38]:

[^107] op. cit., p. [^40]:

[^108] Khan, M. Ismail, “Inside Booming madrassa Economy”, The News, 31 July [^2007]:

[^109] Khalid, Saleem Mansoor, Din-i-madaris may Taleem : Kafiat , Masail, Imkanat , Islamabad [Institute of Policy Studies], 2002, p. [^240]:

[^110] Govt. of Pakistan, “Qaumi Committee Barai Din-i-Madaris”, Islamabad [Ministry of Religious Affairs], 1979, pp. 108-[^109]:

[^111] Khalid, op.cit., p. [^33]:

[^112] Khan, S. S. “The madrassas Need a New Identity”, Dawn (Islamabad), 31 January [^2004]:

[^113] op.cit., p. [^267]:

[^114] op.cit., p. [^268]:

[^115] Darul-Uloom Deoband, “Aayna Darul-Ulom”, December, 1994, p.[^18]:

[^116] Jamia-Hafsa, a leading religious madrassa in Islamabad, challenged the writ of the government in 2007, when the administration of seminary started interfering with the personal lives of the people in the name of eradication of evils from  society. The action led to a military operation in July 2007 against the seminary in which a large number of students and the khatib of the adjacent Lal-Masjid were killed.

[^117] Special correspondent, “Cult Culture Needs to be Discouraged in Seminaries”, The News (Rwp), 19 July, [^2007]:

[^118] The detail is given by Yoginder Sikand in his book about Indian madrassas, op.cit., pp. 17-[^8]: The same is absolutely true for Pakistani madrasahs .

[^119] Khalid, op.cit., p. [^322]:

[^120] IPS, op.cit., p. [^33]:

[^121] Rehman, op.cit., p. [^90]:

[^122] Muhhadis, “ Din-i-madaris Ka Imtiazi Kirdar aur Amriki Muhims ”, Lahore: [Islamic Research Council], 2005, pp. 12-[^13]:

[^123] op. cit., p. [^13]:

[^124] Zaman, Mohammad Qasim, The Ulama in Contemporary Islam; Custodians of Change , Karachi [Oxford University Press], 2004, p. [^57]:

[^125] op. cit., p. [^58]:

[^126] Malik, op. cit., pp. 120-[^123]:

[^127] op. cit., p. [^124]:

[^128] Report of the Committee set up by the Governor of West Pakistan for Recommending an Improved Syllabus for Din-i-madaris in West Pakistan, Lahore, [^1962]:

[^129]    Ahmad, Hafiz Nadir, Jaizah Madaris Arabiya Maghribi Pakistan (An overview on the Arabic madaris in West Pakistan), Lahore, [^1972]:

[^130]    Report, p. 1 .

[^131]    op. cit., p. [^9]:

[^132]    Malik, Colonization of Islam, p. [^125]:

[^133]    op. cit., p. [^126]:

[^134]    Zaman, Mohammad Qasim, The Ulema in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change, Karachi [Oxford University], 2004, p. [^76]:

[^135]    op. cit., p. [^77]:

[^136]    Malik, Colonization of Islam , p. [^126]:

[^137]    Ibid.

[^138]    op. cit., p. [^76]:

[^139]    op. cit., p. [^128]:

[^140]    Zaman, Ulema in Contemporary Islam , p.  [^76]:

[^141]    ibid.

[^142]    op. cit., p. [^77]:

[^143]    op. cit., p. [^78]:

[^144]    Ibid.

[^145]    op. cit., p. [^128]:

[^146]    op. cit., p. [^129]:

[^147]    Council of Islamic Ideology (CII) and Islamic Research Institute (IRI) were given constitutional status in the constitution of [^1973]: However, under Article 230 their position was advisory.

[^148]    Government of Pakistan, Council of Islamic Ideology, Consolidated Recommendations relating to the Education System in Pakistan, 1962 to 1993, Islamabad, 1993 (Urdu/ English), p. [^15]:

[^149]    op. cit.,  p. [^18]:

[^150]    op. cit., p. 11-[^17]: The recommendation included abolishing co-education, limiting the study of Art and Music and Islamizing the subjects of economics, general science, and political science, etc.

[^151]    University Grants Commission, A Guide to the Equivalence of Degrees and Diplomas in Pakistan , Islamabad, 1978, p. [^130]:

[^152]    Malik, op.cit, p. [^130]:

[^153]    Government of Pakistan, Sargodha Report, September 28, 1978, Islamabad: (unpublished), p. [^11]:

[^154]    op. cit., p. [^12]:

[^155]    op. cit., p. [^13]:

[^156]    op. cit., p. [^17]:

[^157]    op. cit., p. [^18]:

[^158]    op. cit., p. [^27]:

[^159]    Ministry of Religious Affairs, Madaris-e-Arabiya ki Mutahida Tanzim: Aik sarsari jaizah, Islamabad, December 19, [^1978]:

[^160]    Malik, Colonization of Islam, p. [^132]:

[^161]    Government of Pakistan, Halepota Report, Islamabad, [^1979]: p 119.  Malik, op. cit, p. 132.

[^162]    op. cit., pp. 132-[^3]:

[^163]    op. cit., p. [^134]:

[^164]    Halepota Report, 1979, p. [^65]:

[^165]    op. cit., p. [^66]:

[^166]    op. cit., p. [^89]:

[^167]    op. cit., p. [^92]:

[^168]    The whole duration of religious education consisted of four stages namely, Darja Ibtidaya, Darja Mutawasitta, Darja Aaliya, and Darja Takhasus,

[^169]    Halepota Report, p. [^97]:

[^170]    Cf. chapter II.

[^171]    Halepota Report , pp. 102-[^3]:

[^172]    op. cit., pp. 108-[^9]:

[^173]    op. cit., p. [^111]:

[^174]    Zaman, op., cit, p. [^78]:

[^175]    Din-i-madaris ki Islah, Hurrriyat, Karachi, September 2, [^1979]: pp. 2-28.

[^176]    Ludhianwi, Mohammad Yousaf, Bayyinat, vol. 38, no, 2, January 2, [^1981]:

[^177]    Malik, op. cit, p. [^137]: Maulana Ludhianwi referred to the principles laid down by Maulana Qasim Nanothavi, the co-founder of Dar-ul-Ulum Deoband according to which financial aid from the rulers would be harmful to the integrity of the Dar-ul-Ulum.

[^178]    op. cit., p. [^138]:

[^179]    op. cit., p. [^139]:

[^180]    Zaman, Ulema in Contemporary Islam , p. [^80]:

[^181]    op. cit., p. [^81]:

[^182]    op. cit., p. [^83]:

[^183]    Usmani, Mohammad Taqi, Pakistan may Dini Tailim ka ik Sarsari Jaiza, in: Hamara Tailimi Nizam, Karachi [Maktaba Dar-ul-Uloom], 1415 A. H, p. [^74]:

[^184]    op. cit., p. [^78]:

[^185]    Malik, Colonization of Islam , p. [^139]:

[^186]    op. cit., p. [^139]:

[^187]    op. cit., p. [^140]:

[^188]    Ministry of Religious Affairs, Din-i-Madaris ki Jame Report-1988, Islamabad, [Islamic Education Research Cell], [^1988]:

[^189]    op. cit., pp. 31-[^35]:

[^190]    Malik, op. cit., p. [^140]:

[^191]    Government of Pakistan, Council of Islamic Ideology, Recommendations on System of Education, 1962-[^1993]: p. 33.

[^192]    UGC, op. cit, 1982, p. [^84]:

[^193]    Ministry of Religious Affairs, Report of the Committee on the Eligibility of Religious Institutions and their Students for Zakat , 1980, p. [^164]:

[^194]    Malik, op cit., p. [^164]:

[^195]    Education and the Muslim World: Change and Response, Islamabad [Institute of Policy Studies], 1995, pp. 20-[^29]:

[^196]    Wafaq ul Madaris al Arabia Pakistan, Sollah sala Nisab-e-Tailim, Passed in Quetta: [Wafaq ul Madaris], [^1983]:

[^197]    Malik, op. cit, p. [^172]:

[^198]    Tanzim ul-Madaris, Laiha-e-Aml,  pp. 9-[^18]:

[^199]    Government of Pakistan, CZA Council Proceedings , vol.1, Islamabad Ministry of Finance 1983, p. [^8]:

[^200]    Daily  Jasarat, Karachi (Urdu), June 16, 1981,

[^201]    CZA council proceeding, op. cit, p. [^302]:

[^202]    Government of Pakistan”, Annual report of the Tanzim-ul-Madaris al Arabiya”, Lahore: March 1985, p. [^21]:

[^203]    Malik,  op .cit., p. [^56]:

[^204]    Ahmad, Mumtaz, “Continuity and Change in the Traditional System of Education: The Case of Pakistan”, in: Baxter Craig and Kennedy Charles H. (ed.), Pakistan 2000, Karachi [Oxford University Press], p. [^192]:

[^205]    Nicholes, Robert, “Challenging the State: 1990, Religious Movements in the North West Frontier Province”, Baxter, Craig, and Kennedy, Charles H. (eds.), Pakistan 1997, Karachi [Pak Book Corporation], pp.123-[^25]:

[^206]    op. cit., p. [^127]:

[^207]    The Herald , November, 1994, p. [^48]:

[^208]    Daily Frontier Post, August 24, [^1995]:

[^209]    Dawn, Karachi, June 2, [^1997]:

[^210]    Goodson, Larry, “Foreign Policy Gone Awry: The Klasanhakoviztion and Talibanization in Pakistan”, in: Baxter Craig and Kennedy, Charles H, (eds.), Pakistan 2000, Karachi [Oxford University Press], 2001, pp.169-[^176]:

[^211]    Government of Pakistan, Recommendations of National Education Policy, 1979, p. [^5]:

[^212]    Government of Pakistan, National Educational Policy, 1998-[^2010]:

[^213]    Council of Islamic Ideology, Educational Recommendations 1962-1993, Islamabad [Ministry of Religious Affairs], [^1982]:

[^214]    President’s address to the nation, The News, January 13, 2002, p. [^1]:

[^215]    Edroos, El, `Do we need Madrassas? `  The News (Rwp) May 4, 2008, p. [^6]:

[^216]    National Education Policy 1998-2010, Ministry of Education, p. [^18]:

[^217]    “Pakistan Madrassa Education (Establishment and Affiliation of Model Din-i-madaris) Board Ordinance” Gazette of Pakistan (2001), pp. 907-[^11]:

[^218]    op. cit., p. [^906]:

[^219]    Haq, M Ijazul, ‘Bringing Madrassa into the Mainstream’,  The News (Rwp), July 16, [^2006]: p. 7.

[^220]    Ibid.

[^221]    op. cit., p. [^7]:

[^222]    Ibid.

[^223]    “Societies Registration (Second Amendment) Ordinance 2005” in: Gazette of Pakistan 2005, section [^21]:

[^224]    Special correspondent, `Rs.1 Billion to Streamline Madrassas`, The Nation Islamabad, September 21, [^2003]: p. 7.

[^225]    “Madrassa Reform Project” Pc-[^1]: Islamabad, Ministry of Education (2004), p. 8.

[^226]    op. cit., p. [^5]:

[^227]    op. cit., p. [^6]:

[^228]    Education Sector Reform Action Plan 2002-2006, Ministry of Education 2004, p. [^18]:

[^229]    Edroos, El. The News, op.cit., p. [^6]:

[^230]    Farooq, Umar, Special Report, “The Herald” July 2008, p. [^7]:

[^231]    op. cit., p. [^58]:

[^232]    op. cit., p. [^59]:

[^233]    op. cit., p. [^59]:

[^234]    op. cit., p. [^60]:

[^235]    Editorial, ‘Memorandum of Understanding`, Pakistan Observer (Islamabad), February 1, [^2008]:

[^236]    Farooq, The Herald, p. [^58]:

[^237]    op. cit., p. [^59]:

[^238]    Ibid.

[^239]    op. cit., p. [^61]:

[^240]   South Asia Intelligence Review : Weekly Assessment and Briefings, volume 4, no. 9, September 12, [^2005]:   p. 3.

[^241]    op. cit., p. [^2]:

[^242]    Gillani, Iftikhar Hussain, `Interview with Voice of America`, Washington, September 21, [^2006]:

[^243]    South Asian Intelligence Review,  p. [^3]:

[^244]    op. cit., p. [^4]:

[^245]    op. cit., p. [^5]:

[^246]    op. cit., p. [^6]:

[^247]    The ordinance of 13 August 2001 was aimed at reforming the existing curriculum by introducing secular subjects while the ordinance 2002 was promulgated to control the enrolment of foreigners and to monitor them.

[^248]    Malik, Jamal, “Dynamics among Traditional Religious Scholars and their Institutions in South Asia”  Muslim World 87 (July 1997).

[^249]    Ahmad,  Mumtaz, “Continuity And Change in the Traditional System of Islamic Education: The Case of Pakistan”,  in: Baxter,  Craig and Kennedy, Charles  H. (ed.),  Pakistan 2000, Boulder. Coles [West view press],  p. [^190]:

[^250]    Ahmad, Noman, ‘Do Madrassas Need Revamping?’, The News April 20, 2008, p. [^6]:

[^251]    Cheema, Umer, ‘Over 12 Madrassas Training Militants: Official`, The News (Rwp) July 11, [^2007]: p. 6.

[^252]    op. cit., p. [^6]:

[^253]    Anwar, Shahid, ‘Lal Masjid Deepens the Ideological Fault Line’, Dawn (Islamabad) July 21, 2007, p. [^9]:

[^254]    Ibid.

[^255]    South Asian Intelligence Review, p. [^5]:

[^256]    Nadeem, Iqbal, ‘The First Swoop’, The News (RWP) October 5, 2003, p. [^6]:

[^257]    Ibid.

[^258]   Ibid.

[^259]    Ibid.

[^260]    “Wifaqul Madaris Nay Din-I-Madaris may Ghair Mulki Tulba kay Dakhiloon per Pabandi Mustarad ker di”, Nawai-Waqt, August 6,  [^2006]:

[^261]    Ghazi Abu Rashid and Abdul Aziz were Khatib of Lal Masjid and Administrator of the Jamia Hafsa, respectively.

[^262]    Shahid, Anwar, Lal Masjid, op. cit, p. [^9]:

[^263]    Hassan, Mubashir, “ICRD to Help Modernize Madrassas”, The Nation, November 21, [^2007]:

[^264]    op. cit., p. [^7]:

[^265]    op. cit., p. [^7]:

[^266]    Ibid.

[^267]    Ibid.

[^268]    NRDF, Workshop Report on preparation of Reform Package for Male Din-i-Madaris, April- May 2004, pp. 3-[^4]:

[^269]    op. cit., p. [^10]:

[^270]    op. cit., pp. 14-[^15]:

[^271]    op. cit., pp. 19-[^21]:

[^272]    ECPak, [Madrassa Reforms Pakistan - Potential for Growth], Final Report 2002, p. [^54]:

[^273]    op. cit., p. 120-[^8]:

[^274]    op. cit., p. 130-[^3]:

[^275]   Canland, Christopher, “Pakistan’s Recent Experience in Reforming Islamic Education”, in: Hathway, Robert M. (ed.), Education Reforms in Pakistan, Building for the Future, Washington  DC [Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars], 2005,  p. [^154]:

[^276]   op. cit., p. [^154]:

[^277]   Naqvi, Shahid, “ Need for Healing Madrassa Image” , Pakistan Observer , 27 August, [^2007]: p. 7.

[^278]   ibid.

[^279]   CRS report, Islamic Religious Schools, Madrassas Background, October 29, 2003,  p. [^1]:

[^280]   op. cit., p. [^5]:

[^281]   op. cit., p.  [^4]:

[^282]   op. cit., p.  [^6]:

[^283]   Ibid.

[^284]   Daily Nawai Waqat (Rwp) , 20 October,   [^2006]:

[^285]   Daily Nawai Waqat (Rwp), op. cit., p. [^9]:

[^286]   The Nation (Islamabad ), 15 May, [^2006]:

[^287]   Ahmad, Noman, “Do Madrassas Need Re-Vamping”, The News, 20 April, [^2008]:

[^288]   Daily Times Monitor, " Madrassas Seek to Shed Terror Label", Dawn (Islamabad) , November 10, [^2008]:

[^289]   Ahmad, The News , op. cit., p.[^15]:

[^290]   Ahmad, Noman, op. cit., The News , April 20,  [^2008]:

[^291]   Gilani, Waqar, “ Unfinished Busines s”, The News, 31 May, 2009; p. [^30]:

[^292]   Gilani, The News , op. cit., p. [^30]:

[^293]   ibid.

[^294]   Farooq, Umer, The Herald, July [^2008]: p. 61.

[^295]   Canland, Christopher, Education Reforms in Pakistan, p. [^160]:

[^296]   op. cit., p. [^160]:

[^297]   Madani, Hafiz Abdul-Rehman; “ Din-i-Madaris aur Maujuda Sarkari Islaha t”,  vol. 34, no.2, Muhadis, Febraury 2002, p. [^12]:

[^298]   op. cit., p. [^13]:

[^299]   op. cit., p. [^15]:

[^300]   op. cit., p. [^17]:

[^301]   op. cit., p. [^19]:

[^302]   Jallandhari, Maulana Hanif, Nawai-Waqat (Islamabad), 16 August, [^2006]:

[^303]   op. cit., Nawai-Waqat.

[^304]   ibid.

[^305]   ibid.

[^306]   ibid.

[^307]   Daily Times Monitor, op. cit., Dawn, 10 November, [^2008]:

[^308]   ibid.

[^309]   ibid.

[^310]   ibid.

[^311]   Most of the administrators of established madaris have well equipped with facilities of electricity, telephone, fax, and, sometimes, air conditioning. Most of them also have their personal traveling facilities, i.e. cars.

[^312]   Nawai-Waqat, 22 December, [^2003]:

[^313]   Jang (RWP) 22 December, [^2003]:

[^314]   ibid.

[^315]   Jang (RWP).

[^316]   Nawai-Waqat.

[^317]   ibid.

[^318]   Gillani, Waqar, op.cit, The News, 31 May, [^2009]:

[^319]   The News.

[^320]   The Nation (Islamabad), 18 May, [^2003]:

[^321]   The Nation.

[^322]   Farooq, Umer, special report, “The Herald”, July 2008, p. [^59]:

[^323]   The Herald, p. [^59]:

[^324]   Khattak, Inam Ullah, Dawn (Islamabad), July 26, [^2007]:

[^325]   ibid.

[^326]   ibid.

[^327]   ibid.

[^328]   Gillani, Waqar, op cit., The News, May 31, [^2009]:

[^329]   The Herald, p. [^58]:

[^330]   Khalid, Saleem Mansoor, Din-i-madaris may Ta’lim, ‘Kaifiat, Massail, Imkanat,’ Islamabad. [Institute of Policy Studies], 2005, p. [^316]:

[^331]   op. cit., p. [^316]:

[^332]   Jang (RWP), 10 Jan, [^2004]:

[^333]   Jang.

[^334]   Nawai-Waqat (RWP), 16 Aug,   [^2006]:

[^335]   Nawai-Waqat.

[^336]   Jang (RWP), 19 Jan, [^2004]:

[^337]   The increasing number of students in the institutions whose degrees are recognized for government services and the repeated demand of madaris for recognition of their degrees equivalent to formal educational system are aimed at getting worldly prospects.

[^338]   The Herald, op. cit., p. [^61]:

[^339]   Jang (RWP), 19 Jan, [^2004]:

[^340]   ibid.

[^341]   The News (RWP), 29 August, [^2007]:

[^342]   The News (RWP), 23 July, [^2007]:

[^343]   Editorial Daily Pakistan (Urdu), (Islamabad), 08 April, [^2008]:

[^344]   Gilani, The News.

[^345]   ibid.

[^346]   Waqaf-ul-Madaris (monthly journal), May [^2009]:

[^347]   Ibid.

[^348]   Ali, Saleem, H, Islam and Education: Conflict and Conformity in Pakistani Madrassas, Karachi [Oxford University Press], 2009, p. [^124]:

[^349]   op. cit., p. [^125]: