Nikah Al-Mut’ah, Zina or Sunnah?

5. The Practice Of Mut’ah =========================

NOTE: This chapter is only a general, concise explanation of mut’ah, and does not substitute for expert clerical advice and guidance on it.

Mut’ah: A Tool Of Necessity

When a Shi’i Muslim intends to contract mut’ah, there are a number of questions he faces directly. What is the purpose of the intended marriage? What are its benefits? Is there any need for it? With whom should he do the mut’ah, and for how long? What are its conditions and limitations?

Generally, mut’ah is forbidden except in cases of necessity. Shaykh al-Kulayni (d. 329 H) reports:

‘Ali b. Ibrahim – his father – Ibn Abi ‘Umayr – ‘Ali b. Yaqṭin:

I asked Abu al-Hasan Musa, peace be upon him, concerning mut’ah, and he said, “What do you have to do with that, for Allah has already made you needless of it?” I said, “I only want to learn about it.” Then he said, “It is in the Book of ‘Ali, peace be upon him.” So, I said, “Do we increase it and is it multiplied?” He said, “Is there anything that pleases him except that?”[^1]

Al-Majlisi (d. 1111 H) says:

Hasan.[^2]

This is quite clear and straightforward. If you are not in a state of need – with regards to mut’ah – you have nothing to do with it. So, the Shi’i asks himself if he is really in need of a temporary marriage. If he is not, he abandons the whole idea, as the Imams, ‘alaihim al-salam, want.

The Suitable Mut’ah Wives

After deciding that he is genuinely in need of mut’ah, then he must decide whom to marry temporarily. He is absolutely forbidden from marrying any woman who falls in the forbidden categories[^3]. The Shi’i man knows this. So, he is only searching outside the forbidden categories. There are some crucial duties upon him, in his search, however.

First and foremost, he must confirm the age of any woman he wishes to marry. She must NOT be underage, as al-Kulayni documents:

‘Ali – his father – Ibn Abi ‘Umayr – Jamil b. Darraj:

I asked Abu ‘Abd Allah about the man who does mut’ah with the virgin girl. He said, “There is no problem with that, as long as he does not find her to be underage.”[^4]

Al-Majlisi says:

Hasan.[^5]

Then, he adds:

His statement: {as long as he does not find her to be underage}, meaning, he does not find her to be a child who has not reached the age of maturity, in which case the union would be invalid.^6

Al-Kulayni also reports about the age of maturity, for girls, in Islam:

‘Ali – his father – Ibn Abi ‘Umayr – a man:

I said, “When does the girl cease to be a child? At the age of six or seven?” So, he said, “No. She ceases to be a child at the age of nine; and they all unanimously agree that a girl of nine years is no longer a child, except if there is weakness in her intelligence. Otherwise, when she reaches the age of nine, she has matured.”[^7]

Al-Majlisi declares:

Hasan.[^8]

In reality, the hadith is mursal. However, there is a strengthening shahid for it in this hadith of Shaykh al-Ṭusi (d. 460 H):

And from him (i.e. Ahmad b. Muhammad) – Ibn Mahbub – Abu Ayub – Yazid ak-Kunasi – Abu Ja’far, peace be upon him:

When the girl reaches the age of nine, her orphanhood ceases, and she is married.[^9]

‘Allamah Al-Ruhani comments:

Hasan or Sahih.[^10]

Al-Kulayni too has this further shahid:

From him (i.e. Humayd) – al-Hasan – Ja’far b. Sama’ah – Adam – ‘Abd Allah b.Sinan – Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him:

When the boy reaches the age of thirteen, his good deeds are recorded and his evil deeds are also recorded, and he is punished (for his sins and crimes). When the girl reaches the age of nine, she becomes like that too; and that is because she menstruates at the age of nine.”[^11]

And al-Majlisi states:

Muwaththaq.[^12]

Al-Ruhani too concurs:

Muwaththaq.[^13]

Al-Kulayni also documents one more shahid:

‘Ali b. Ibrahim – his father AND Muhammad b. Yahya – Ahmad b. Muhammad – Ibn Abi ‘Umayr – Hammad – al-Halabi – Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him:

When a man marries a girl while she is still immature, then he must not have sexual intercourse with her until she reaches the age of nine.[^14]

Al-Majlisi comments:

Sahih.[^15]

Al-Ruhani too says:

Sahih.[^16]

This hadith – which is about permanent marriages – nonetheless establishes a universal principle: a girl theoretically becomes a woman, capable of having sexual intercourse, at the age of nine. Therefore, the Shi’i man seeking a mut’ah marriage must himself be at least thirteen years old, while the girl must have reached the age of nine. Otherwise, the mut’ah would be unlawful.

Our Shi’i man is above thirteen, alhamdulillah; and he has his eyes on a particular Muslim woman who is above nine too. So, what must he do next? In our modern, heavily Westernized world, the age of consent has been statutorily fixed in most countries. This is why the Shi’i man must be careful here. He does not have to get himself into trouble simply because he wants to do mut’ah. Therefore, in fulfilment of the obligations of taqiyyah, he must respect the statutory age of consent in his country of residence. Usually, the man and the woman are considered legally capable of consensual intercourse starting from the age of 18 (eighteen). The Shi’i man, then, must obey that, as long as he has no other trouble-free option. Taqiyyah is indeed a shield, and a blessing, to the believers.

Now, our man lives in a Western(ized) country, and he has been able to find a woman who is eighteen years old or above. In that case, he must confirm the marital status of the woman he intends to do mut’ah with. If she is married – whether in mut’ah or permanently, then she is automatically and absolutely disqualified[^17]. Normally, the man should be able to easily confirm the marital status of the woman through her neighbours, friends or colleagues. In case that becomes difficult, then if he is able to confirm directly from the woman, that is even better. Whatever she says about herself is believed to be true. Al-Kulayni says:

A number of our companions – Ahmad b. Muhammad b. ‘Isa – al-Husayn b. Sa’id – Faḍalah – Maysar:

I said to Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, “I met a woman in the wilderness in which there was no one else. So I said to her, ‘Do you have a husband?’ She said, ‘No.’ Do I marry her?” He said, “Yes. She is the trustworthy one concerning herself.”[^18]

Al-Majlisi says:

Sahih[^19]

After determining that the woman has no husband – whether she is single, divorced or widowed and is available for marriage – then, the Shi’i man must establish that she is also morally eligible for mut’ah. The Qur’an has forbidden certain categories of men and women for marriage – whether permanently or temporarily:

The fornicator shall not marry any but a fornicatress or an idolatress; and the fornicatress, none shall marry her but a fornicator or an idolater: and that is made haram for the believers.[^20]

Yes, it is haram for the Shi’i man to marry a fornicatress or an idolatress. As such, he must investigate the moral uprightness and tawhid of whoever he seeks to do mut’ah with. If the woman is a Muslimah, but a fornicatress, marriage with her – permanently or temporarily – is haram. Moreover, if she is morally upright but associates others with Allah in His attributes, functions, roles, or in worship of Him or du’a to Him, then mut’ah with her is still forbidden. The same goes for the Muslim woman who wants to practise temporary marriage as well. She must investigate the morality and Islamic monotheism of her proposed husband. If he fails in either, he is haram to her for mut’ah or permanent marriage.

Al-Ṭusi documents in this regard:

Ahmad b. Muhammad b. ‘Isa – Muhammad b. Isma’il b. Bazi’:

A man asked al-Riḍa, peace be upon him, while I was listening, about the man who marries the woman in mut’ah and he imposes a condition upon her that he will not seek her child. But, she later comes with a child and he severely denies the child. So, he (al-Riḍa) said, “Does he deny? How can he deny primarily because of that?” Then, the man said, “What if he accuses her (of fornication)?” He (al-Riḍa) said, “It is not appropriate for you to marry except a faithful woman. Verily, Allah the Almighty says: {The fornicator shall not marry any but a fornicatress or an idolatress; and the fornicatress, none shall marry her but a fornicator or an idolater: and that is made haram for the believers}.[^21]

Al-Majlisi states:

Sahih.[^22]

Al-Ruhani concurs:

Sahih.[^23]

This is equally emphasized in this noble ayah:

Today, the good things are made halal to you; and the food of those who were given the Book is halal for you, and your food is halal for them; **and also (**halal to you are) the CHASTE ONES from the believing women and the chaste ones from those who were given the Book before you, when you have given them their dowries, taking (them) in marriage, not fornicating (with them), nor taking them as girlfriends.[^24]

So, mut’ah is allowed, as a general rule, only with faithful, chaste believing or Muslim men and women, who are not fornicators, adulterers or fornicatresses. Unchaste believing women are NOT halal to the Shi’i man. As such, marriage – permanent or temporary - with any unchaste woman or fornicatress is haram. Meanwhile, once a man or a woman has repented from zina, he or she no longer falls in the forbidden categories, as al-Kulayni confirms:

Humayd b. Ziyad – al-Hasan b. Muhammad b. Sama’ah – Ahmad b. al-Hasan al-Maythami – Aban – Hakam b. Hakim – Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, concerning His Statement, the Almighty {and the fornicatress, none shall marry her but a fornicator or an idolater}:

“That is only in the publicity (of the fornication)”. Then, he (Abu ‘Abd Allah) said, “If a person commits zina**, and then repents, they can marry wherever they wish (in the** halal categories).”[^25]

Al-Majlisi comments:

Muwaththaq.[^26]

Also, to determine the moral and religious status of the Muslim woman, obviously, the Shi’i man must carry out thorough investigations, as al-Kulayni reports:

Muhammad b. Yahya – Ahmad b. Muhammad – Ibn Mahbub – Aban – Abu Maryam:

Abu Ja’far, peace be upon him, was asked about mut’ah. So, he said, “Verily, mut’ah today is not as it used to be in the past. They (i.e. the women) used to be faithful. But, today, they are not faithful. Therefore, investigate about them (i.e. the women).[^27]

Al-Majlisi says:

Muwaththaq ka al-Sahih[^28]

If the investigations reveal that she is unchaste or a fornicatress, then the Shi’i man must look for another woman. Interestingly, even where the man is unable to personally get solid evidence of her debauchery, but notices that people widely think of her as being promiscuous, he must forget about her in that case too. Al-Kulayni records:

‘Ali b. Ibrahim – Muhammad b. ‘Isa – Yunus – Muhammad b. al-Fuḍayl:

I asked Abu al-Hasan, peace be upon him, about the beautiful woman who is a prostitute: is it permissible for the man to do mut’ah with her for a day or more?” He said: “If she is famous for zina**, then he must NOT do** mut’ah with her and also must NOT marry her (permanently).”[^29]

Al-Majlisi comments:

Muwaththaq (Reliable)[^30]

However, it may happen that the Shi’i man is unable to determine the moral uprightness of the woman. Perhaps, her neighbours do not know much about her, because she came into their community only recently. Or, the Shi’i man is unable to approach her neighbours and colleagues for one good reason or another. Or, she was once famous for zina; but, there have been rumours of her total repentance. What does the Shi’i man do in such a situation? Al-Kulayni has the answer:

‘Ali b. Ibrahim – his father – Ibn Abi ‘Umayr – ‘Abd Allah b. Abi Ya’fur:

I asked Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, about the woman whose state I do not know, does the man marry her in mut’ah? He said, “He presents to her. If she responds to him in favour of unlawful sex, then, he must NOT.”[^31]

Al-Majlisi says:

Hasan.[^32]

This is a last resort measure – where no other one is possible - to identify the moral status of the woman. The man proposes a boyfriend-girlfriend relationship, a cohabitation or a concubinage (all of which are forms of zina) with her. If she accepts, then she is a fornicatress. The Shi’i man must NOT contract mut’ah with her. However, if she rejects pre-marital and extra-marital sex, then she is clean for marriage.

Shaykh Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 728 H) presents the Sunni view on this, as well:

The woman who committed fornication with the man is like that too. He cannot marry her except after repentance, according to the more correct of the two opinions, as established by the Book, the Sunnah and the athar. However, if he intends to test her, whether it is a genuine repentance or not, then ‘Abd Allah b. ‘Umar said – and this is also what is reported from Ahmad (b. Hanbal) – that he should propose fornication to her. If she responds positively to him, her repentance is not genuine. But, if she does not respond positively to him, then she has (genuinely) repented.[^33]

Al-Kulayni continues further with the Shi’i position:

Muhammad b. Yahya – Muhammad b. Ahmad – Ahmad b. al-Hasan – ‘Amr b. Sa’id – Musaddiq b. Sadaqah – ‘Ammar b. Musa:

I asked Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, about the man, “Can he marry a woman with whom he committed fornication?” So, he said, “If he sees right guidance in her, then yes. If not, he should propose the haram to her. If she follows him, then she is haram to him. But, if she refuses, then he should marry her.”[^34]

Al-Majlisi comments:

Muwaththaq.[^35]

Al-Ruhani concurs:

Muwaththaq.[^36]

This one establishes a powerful principle in mut’ah, as well. If a girl is willing to perform zina with the Shi’i man – such as casual sex, boy-friend-girlfriend relationship, cohabitation and concubinage – then, she is haram to him for marriage – permanent or temporary. It is also a sign that she is one of those who have not repented from fornication. Marriage to a woman is halal only if she is chaste or after her genuine repentance.

So, the Muslim woman must be (a) unmarried and available for marriage, (b) chaste and (c) not famous for zina among the people. With these three conditions fulfilled, the stage is set for a valid mut’ah.

Meanwhile, something must be quickly mentioned here. There is a group among Muslims who are known as the Nawasib. These are people who openly express or manifest violence, ill-will, hatred, mockery or insult against any of the Twelve Imams or Sayyidah Faṭimah, ‘alaihim al-salam. The Sunnah has forbidden nikah to such people too, in addition to fornicators and idolaters. Al-Kulayni, for instance, documents:

Muhammad b. Yahya – Ahmad b. Muhammad – Ibn Mahbub – Jamil b. Salih – Fuḍayl b. Yasar – Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him:

The believer must not marry the Nasibi woman who is well-known with that.[^37]

Al-Majlisi states:

Sahih.[^38]

Al-Ruhani agrees:

Sahih.[^39]

Al-Kulayni also says:

Muhammad b. Yahya – Ahmad b. Muhammad – ‘Abd al-Rahman b. Abi Najran – ‘Abd Allah b. Sinan:

I asked Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, about the Nasibi man, whose Nasibism and enmity (against any of the Twelve Imams or Sayyidah Faṭimah) is well-known, “Can we marry a believing woman to him, while he is capable of rejecting it but does not know of its rejection?” He said, “The believing man cannot marry the Nasibi woman, and the Nasibi man cannot marry a believing woman, and the mustaḍ’af man cannot marry the believing woman.”[^40]

Al-Majlisi states:

Sahih.[^41]

And al-Ruhani concurs:

Sahih.[^42]

As such, the Shi’i man, and the Shi’i woman, must confirm that their prospective mut’ah partners are not from the Nawasib. Even if such people are absolutely chaste, nikah to them is haram nonetheless.

The other people similarly disqualified are the Khawarij and the Murjiah, according to this hadith of al-Kulayni:

Abu ‘Ali al-Ash’ari – Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Jabbar – Safwan b. Yahya – ‘Abd Allah b. Miskan – Yahya b. al-Halabi – ‘Abd al-Hamid al-Ṭai – Zurarah b. A’yan:

I said to Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, “Can I marry a Murji or Haruri (i.e. Khariji) woman?” He said, “No. You should marry the innocent ones among the women.”[^43]

Al-Majlisi comments:

Sahih.[^44]

Shaykh Hadi al-Najafi too says:

The report has a sahih chain[^45]

The Nawasib in our times include those who mock our Twelfth Imam, ‘alaihi al-salam, calling him “the dajjal” or a coward. Others are those who label Imam al-Husayn, ‘alaihi al-salam, “a rebel” for rising against the illegitimate khilafah of Yazid, and those who attribute ignorance to any of the Twelve Imams. Also, those who routinely rush to reject authentic Sunni ahadith, which are in favour of the Twelve Imams or any of them, without any genuine excuse, are among the Nasibis as well. Nothing spurs them into doing that except their Nasibism. As for the Khawarij, they include everyone who identifies the Shi’is generally as kuffar, and everyone kills Shi’is on account of their madhhab, and everyone is pleased with both misdeeds. The Murjiah, on their part, include anyone who believes that whatsoever atrocities a Sahabi is perfectly proved, through even the Sunni books, to have committed, he was nonetheless a saint and will be in Jannah. Marriage – temporary or permanent – is forbidden with these people and others like them, no matter their level of chastity.

Mut’ah With Christian And Jewish Women

The above, of course, is the general rule. However, what happens when the Shi’i man in need of mut’ah is unable to find a suitable Muslim spouse? Well, the Book of Allah has made certain concessions in this regard:

Today, the good things are made halal to you; and the food of those who were given the Book is halal for you, and your food is halal for them; and also (halal to you are) the chaste ones from the believing women and the chaste ones from those who were given the Book before you, when you have given them their dowries, taking (them) in marriage, not fornicating (with them), nor taking them as girlfriends.[^46]

This verse is in the last revealed Surah of the Qur’an. As such, it is the last law of Allah on the issue of marriage with non-Muslim women, and therefore effectively modifies the previous rulings. So, while mut’ah with non-Muslims is ordinarily haram, our Lord eventually allowed us to marry those of them who follow a religion that once adhered to a scripture from Him. These are primarily Jews and Christians today. Therefore, the Shi’i man is allowed to wed a Jewess or a Christian woman in mut’ah, as long as the following conditions are fulfilled:

(a) she is unmarried and available for marriage;

(b) she is chaste;

(c) the purpose of the union is marriage and not fornication;

(d) she must not be taken as a girlfriend; and

(e) she must be paid her dowry.

However, a Muslim woman is absolutely forbidden from marrying absolutely any non-Muslim man – whether temporarily or permanently[^47].

‘Allamah al-Hurr al-‘Amili (d. 1104 H) also records this hadith for the Shi’i man:

Muhammad b. al-Hasan with his isnad from Ahmad b. Muhammad b. ‘Isa – Isma’il b. Sa’d al-Ash’ari:

I asked him (i.e. the Imam) about the man who does mut’ah with a Jewess or a Christian woman. He said, “I see no problem with that.” I said, “What about a Zoroastrian woman?” He said, “As for a Zoroastrian woman, then no.”[^48]

Ayatullah Sadiq al-Ruhani comments about the report:

Muwaththaq (Reliable)[^49]

The hadith can indeed be found in al-Tahdhib of al-Ṭusi:

And from him from Isma’il b. Sa’d al-Ash’ari:

I asked him (i.e. the Imam) about the man who does mut’ah with a Jewess or a Christian woman. He said, “I see no problem with that.” I said, “What about a Zoroastrian woman?” He said, “As for a Zoroastrian woman, then no.”[^50]

Al-Majlisi states:

Sahih.[^51]

Meanwhile, if the Shi’i man is able to find a chaste Jewess or a Christian woman who agrees to do mut’ah with him, there are still some other conditions which she must consent to. Al-Ṭusi reports:

Muhammad b. Ya’qub – Muhammad b. Yahya – Ahmad b. Muhammad – al-Hasan b. Mahbub – Mu’awiyah b. Wahb and others – Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, who said concerning a believing man who seeks to marry a Jewess or a Christian woman:

“If he finds a Muslim woman, then what is he doing with the Jewess or Christian woman?”

So, I (Mu’awiyah) said to him, “He loves her.”

Then, he said, “If he does, then he must forbid her from drinking alcohol and from eating pork. And know that in his marriage to her, there is a blemish upon him in his religion.”[^52]

Al-Majlisi declares:

Sahih.[^53]

And al-Ruhani concurs:

Sahih[^54]

Apparently, mut’ah with a Jewish or Christian woman is highly discouraged where a Muslim woman is available, although not forbidden. Moreover, such a marriage constitutes a blemish on the religion of the man who performs it.

In any case, before a temporary marriage can proceed with a Jewess or Christian woman, she must:

(i) be unmarried and available for marriage;

(ii) be chaste, and not a fornicatress;

(iii) agree to stop drinking alcohol or eating pork throughout the duration of the marriage.

If she agrees, then the Shi’i man may contract the mut’ah with her. Otherwise, he must avoid it altogether.

Let us say that the Shi’i man finds a willing, chaste, qualified Muslim woman, or a chaste Jewess or Christian woman who agrees to avoid alcohol and pork during the marriage. Then, what next?

The Case Of The Virgin Woman

In the case of a “virgin” woman, there are still further steps to take. Note that a “virgin”, in principle, is any woman who has never married. It does not matter whether she still has her hymen undamaged or not. As long as she has never married, she is technically considered a “virgin” by the Shari’ah. To “deflower” her is, then, to have penetrative sex with her, whether her hymen is still intact or had been broken[^55]. Ayatullah al-Ruhani states:

And from Shaykh in Kitab al-Furu’, and al-Hilli, al-Muhaqqiq and the author in part of his books, and the majority of the later scholars: what is meant by the “virgin” is the one who has never married.[^56]

First and foremost, it is makruh (disliked) to do mut’ah with a virgin, as al-Kulayni documents:

‘Ali b. Ibrahim – his father – Ibn Abi ‘Umayr – Hafs b. al-Bakhtari:

Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, said concerning the man who marries the virgin in mut’ah: “It is makruh due to the blemish upon her family.”[^57]

Al-Majlisi comments:

Hasan.[^58]

Then, he adds:

And it proves that mut’ah with a virgin is makruh in all situations.^59

However, in our view – based upon the apparent text of the hadith – the temporary marriage with the virgin is disliked only where it will constitute a blemish on her family. Otherwise, it is encouraged. This situation can occur where the virgin woman and her family reside within a predominantly Sunni community, where ignorance about mut’ah is severe. The Ahl al-Sunnah generally equate it with fornication, in denial of the Qur’an and their own sahih ahadith. Nonetheless, even in such a circumstance, mut’ah with the virgin woman is not haram (prohibited). Therefore, the Shi’i man may still go ahead with it anyway, if the woman and her family agree.

Al-Ṭusi too has the hadith through another ṭariq:

Muhammad b. Ahmad b. Yahya – Ya’qub b. Yazid – Muhammad b. Abi ‘Umayr – Hafs b. al-Bakhtari:

Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, said concerning the man who marries the virgin in mut’ah: “It is makruh due to the blemish upon her family.”[^60]

Al-Majlisi says:

Sahih.[^61]

So, what if our man lives in a Shi’i society, where mut’ah is well-respected? Well, even in such a case or in any other, he is still subject to further restrictions, as long as his proposed temporary spouse is a virgin. Al-Kulayni records:

Muhammad b. Yahya – Ahmad and ‘Abd Allah, sons of Muhammad b. ‘Isa – ‘Ali b. al-Hakam – Ziyad b. Abi al-Hilal:

I heard Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, saying: “There is no problem in doing mut’ah with the virgin as long as he does not have intercourse with her, for fear of the disgust of the blemish upon her family.”[^62]

Al-Majlisi declares:

Sahih.[^63]

Obviously, if sex is one of the aims of the Shi’i man in seeking a mut’ah, he has to forgo the virgin women.

But, there is a quick issue here, on account of this hadith of al-Kulayni:

‘Ali b. Ibrahim – his father – Ibn Abi ‘Umayr – Hammad – al-Halabi:

Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, said about a man who has sexual intercourse with a woman: “When the two circumcised parts meet, the dowry and the ‘iddah become compulsory.”[^64]

Al-Majlisi says:

Hasan.[^65]

This hadith is explicit. The payment of the dowry becomes “obligatory” only after the mut’ah couple have had intercourse. Before that, it is only voluntary. Does this then mean that the virgin girl receives no dowry – or that the man is not under any obligation to give her – since there is no sex in her mut’ah? Well, the above hadith apparently refers to a marriage – permanent or temporary – where sex is not explicitly ruled out. Therefore, where its exclusion is agreed between the two mut’ah parties as part of their union, and it does not take place, then neither the dowry nor the ‘iddah period is obligatory. However, if a Shi’i man commits to pay the dowry to a virgin without having intercourse with her, then he must fulfil his commitment. Al-Kulayni reports:

A number of our companions – Sahl b. Ziyad AND Ahmad b. Muhammad – Ibn Mahbub – ‘Abd Allah b. Sinan – Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him:

Whosoever makes a commitment that is contrary to the Book of Allah the Almighty, then it is not permissible for him, and it is not permissible for the beneficiary of the commitment. The Muslims are by their commitments in whatever agrees with the Book of Allah the Almighty.[^66]

Al-Majlisi submits:

Sahih.[^67]

Al-Ruhani also concurs:

Sahih.[^68]

Al-Ṭusi also documents:

From him (al-Saffar) – al-Hasan b. Musa al-Khashshab – Ghiyath b. Kalub – Ishaq b. ‘Ammar – Ja’far – his father, peace be upon him:

‘Ali b. Abi Ṭalib, peace be upon him, used to say: “Whosoever makes a commitment to his wife, he must fulfil it to her, for the Muslims are by their commitments except a commitment that prohibits an halal or permits an haram.”[^69]

Al-Ruhani comments:

Muwaththaq.[^70]

Therefore, if the mut’ah husband makes a commitment to the virgin to give her the (full) dowry despite the absence of intercourse, he must fulfil it. In fact, he would be wrong if he pegged its payment to sexual relations with her.

Let us say: our man does not want sex in his temporary marriage. He only seeks companionship. So, he is qualified to go into mut’ah with a willing virgin woman. Moreover, he lives in a society where it is not viewed as a blemish on the her family. Therefore, the stage is well set for them. Then, what else does he do?

He must enquire about her parents. If she has a father, then the Shi’i man must approach him for consent. Al-Kulayni documents:

Muhammad b. Yahya – Ahmad b. Muhammad – ‘Ali b. al-Hakam – ‘Ala b. Zarin – Ibn Abi Ya’fur – Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, said:

The virgins who have fathers cannot be married except with the permission of their fathers.[^71]

Al-Majlisi says:

Sahih[^72]

Then, he concludes:

And it proves the impermissibility, in all situations, of marriage to the virgin without the permission of the father.^73

Al-Ruhani declares as well about the hadith:

Sahih[^74]

So, whether it is for permanent marriage or mut’ah, the consent of the virgin woman’s father is obligatory. Al-Ṭusi records to this effect too:

Ahmad b. Muhammad – Muhammad b. Isma’il – Abu al-Hasan Zarif – Aban – Abu Maryam – Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him:

The virgin who has a father cannot be married in mut’ah except with the permission of her father.[^75]

Al-Majlisi comments:

Muwaththaq ka al-Sahih[^76]

Al-Ruhani also states:

Sahih[^77]

Meanwhile, there is a crucial point which al-Majlisi mentions here, that must be taken note of:

A group of the companions unconditionally forbade mut’ah with the virgin except with the permission of her father; and the grandfather here is like the father.[^78]

Therefore, where the father is no more, but the paternal grandfather is still alive, his permission is obligatory too.

The Terms Of The Contract

Our Shi’i man is lucky. The father of the virgin woman is alive, and he gives his permission for the mut’ah. Alternatively, the father is dead, but the grandfather, who is alive, has allowed it. Or, neither the father nor the grandfather is alive. So, the man needs no-one’s permission. Or, the woman is not a virgin, and only her consent matters. In any case, our Shi’i man now has the full go-ahead to contract the temporary marriage with his prospective wife.

As a result, they both want to set the terms of their mut’ah. First, they must agree on the dowry and the exact length of their union, as al-Kulayni reports:

A number of our companions – Sahl b. Ziyad AND Muhammad b. Yahya – Ahmad b. Muhammad – Ibn Mahbub – Jamil b. Salih – Zurarah – Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, who said:

“Mut’ah does not exist except through two things: a specified term and a specified dowry.”[^79]

‘Allamah al-Majlisi says:

Sahih[^80]

Then, he adds:

It proves that the dowry must be given and that the term must be specified, in temporary marriage, which is the standard opinion.^81

Al-Ṭusi also records:

Ahmad b. Muhammad b. ‘Isa – ‘Ali b. al-Hakam – Aban – Isma’il b. al-Faḍl al-Hashimi:

I asked Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, about mut’ah. So, he said, “A specified dowry for a specified period.”[^82]

Al-Majlisi declares:

Muwaththaq ka al-Sahih[^83]

The dowry, for both permanent[^84] and temporary[^85] marriages, is sometimes called a “wage” in the Qur’an and Sunnah.

Al-Kulayni also records about the exact format of the mut’ah contract:

Muhammad b. Yahya – Muhammad b. al-Husayn AND a number of our companions – Ahmad b. Muhammad – ‘Uthman b. ‘Isa – Sama’ah – Abu Basir:

You must say in these terms: “I marry you in mut’ah for such-and-such days with such-and-such amount, in marriage and NOT for fornication or adultery, upon the Book of Allah the Almighty and the Sunnah of His Prophet, peace be upon him and his family; and upon the condition that you shall not inherit me and I shall not inherit you; and upon the condition that you do ‘iddah for forty-five days” and some of them said, “a menstruation.”[^86]

Al-Majlisi comments:

Muwaththaq.[^87]

Al-Kulayni again reports:

‘Ali b. Ibrahim – his father – Ibn Abi Nasr – Tha’labah:

You should say: “I marry you in mut’ah upon the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of His Prophet, peace be upon him and his family, in marriage and not for fornication or adultery; and upon the condition that you shall not inherit me and I shall not inherit you; for such-and-such days and for such-and-such amount; and upon the condition that you must observe the ‘iddah.”[^88]

Al-Majlisi comments:

Hasan Mawquf.[^89]

Both hadiths are mawquf. However, they do inform us about how the companions of our Imams understood and practised mut’ah. Also, the fact that these two companions taught the same formula – almost word-for-word - to others suggests that they did not invent it. Rather, they must have learnt it from the Ahl al-Bayt. This supposition is strengthened by the fact that both companions were teaching it as part of the religion. They, being righteous traditionists, would never have done that except if they had learnt the sighah from our Imams.

We understand from the two reports that:

(a) the exact number of days for the mut’ah must be explicitly spelt out before both parties agree to it;

(b) the exact amount of the dowry must equally be mutually agreed upon and explicitly stated;

(c) the fact that the marriage is being done in compliance with the Qur’an and Sunnah must also be explicitly declared;

(d) the fact that the intention of the mut’ah is marriage and not fornication or adultery must be stated explicitly as well;

(e) the condition that both parties shall not inherit each other may be explicitly declared, depending on their intention, as we shall soon explain; and

(f) the condition that the woman must observe the required ‘iddah period for their union must be explicitly stated.

As for the dowry, it can be any amount, as long as both parties are satisfied with it. Al-Ṭusi documents:

Al-Husayn b. Sa’id – al-Naḍr – ‘Asim b. Humayd – Muhammad b. Muslim:

I asked Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, “How much is the dowry, that is in mut’ah?” So, he said, “Whatsoever they both mutually agree upon, up to whatsoever length of time he wishes.”[^90]

Al-Majlisi proclaims:

Sahih.[^91]

Al-Ruhani also says:

Hasan.[^92]

Apparently, there is no minimum or maximum amount for the dowry. In the same manner, there is no minimum or maximum time length for the mut’ah.

On The Inheritance Rights Of The Spouses

With regards to the inheritance of the mut’ah wife specifically, it occurs where both parties mutually stipulate it as a condition of their nikah. Al-Kulayni documents:

‘Ali b. Ibrahim – his father – Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Abi Nasr – Abu al-Hasan al-Riḍa, peace be upon him:

The marriage of mut’ah is marriage with inheritance and marriage without inheritance. If it is stipulated as a condition, then it occurs. But, if it is not stipulated as a condition, it does not occur.”[^93]

Al-Majlisi says:

Hasan.[^94]

Al-Ruhani also states:

Sahih.[^95]

This is also the fatwa of Shaykh al-Ṭusi:

As for inheritance, it is to be stipulated as a condition that she shall inherit and be inherited. If it is not stipulated as a condition, then there is no inheritance for her or for him. There is no need to stipulate that she shall not inherit because one of the default conditions of mut’ah is that there is no inheritance between both of them.[^96]

He too then documents this shahid:

Al-Husayn b. Sa’id – al-Naḍr – ‘Asim b. Humayd – Muhammad b. Muslim:

I asked Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, “How much is the dowry, that is in mut’ah?” So, he said, “Whatsoever they both mutually agree upon, up to whatsoever length of time he wishes.”

I said, “Tell me: what if she gets pregnant?” He said, “It is his child. And if he wishes to renew the union, he can do (that). In such a case, she would not be required to observe the ‘iddah in his case. However, for anyone else, she must observe forty-five nights. Meanwhile, if inheritance is stipulated as a condition (of the mut’ah**), then they both must comply with their condition**.”[^97]

Al-Majlisi comments:

Sahih.[^98]

Then, al-Ruhani also states:

Hasan.[^99]

There are however a few ahadith that confuse some of our people. Their texts are obscure, most probably due to inadvertent deficiencies in the transmission of the narrators. Nonetheless, these narrators were not infallible, and are therefore excused. We know, of course, with total certainty – based upon the Verse of al-Taṭhir, Hadith al-Thaqalayn and several other mutawatir and mu’tabar reports in our sources - that the Ahl al-Bayt as a whole were absolutely uniform and consistent in their teachings. This is why their obscure riwayat are – as a standard Shi’i practice - interpreted in line with their explicit, authentic ahadith.

For instance, al-Kulayni says:

Muhammad b. Yahya – Ahmad b. Muhammad – Ibn Faḍḍal – Ibn Bukayr – Muhammad b. Muslim:

I heard Abu Ja’far, peace be upon him, saying concerning the man who marries the woman in mut’ah: “Verily, both of them inherit each other as long as they have not stipulated (a specified period as) a condition; and the condition is only after the marriage.”[^100]

Al-Majlisi says:

Muwaththaq.[^101]

Explaining it, al-Ṭusi submits:

What is meant in this report is “if they have not stipulated the specified period as a condition”. In such a case, they both inherit each other (by default). What is meant is not the stipulation of inheritance as a condition.[^102]

Of course, where no specified period is specified as a condition, then the nikah is not mut’ah. Rather, it is a permanent marriage; and inheritance is automatic in it. But, when a specified period is stipulated as a condition, then it becomes mut’ah; and in mut’ah, inheritance is not automatic.

Another hadith that needs clarification is this one by al-Ṭusi:

Muhammad b. Ahmad b. Yahya – Ahmad b. Muhammad – al-Barqi – al-Hasan b. al-Jahm – al-Hasan b. Musa – Sa’id b. Yasar:

I asked Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, about the man who weds the woman in mut’ah, and he does not stipulate inheritance as a condition. He said, “There is no inheritance between them, whether it (i.e. the exclusion of inheritance) is stipulated as a condition or not.”[^103]

Al-Ruhani comments:

Sahih.[^104]

And, al-Ṭusi explains:

The meaning of this report is what we previously stated, that whether it (i.e. the exclusion of inheritance) is stipulated as a condition or not, she does not inherit (ordinarily), there is no inheritance for her. Its existence needs a stipulated condition (affirming it), not its exclusion.[^105]

Al-Majlisi, also commenting upon this submission of al-Ṭusi, elucidates further:

His statement “whether it is stipulated as a condition”, refers to the exclusion of inheritance.[^106]

So, where the parties explicitly exclude inheritance from their mut’ah or they keep completely silent about it, neither party inherits. If they intend to inherit each other, they must clearly declare it in their contract of nikah.

Mut’ah and its ‘Iddah Periods

Theoretically, mut’ah can be for as short as one second, or as long as one billion years or more. But, whatever the length, the woman may be required to observe an ‘iddah period immediately after the marital union. If they had sexual intercourse during their mut’ah, or if their private parts touch, ‘iddah becomes obligatory upon the woman. Al-Kulayni reports:

‘Ali b. Ibrahim – his father – Ibn Abi ‘Umayr – Hammad – al-Halabi:

Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, said about a man who has sexual intercourse with a woman: “When the two circumcised parts meet, the dowry and the ‘iddah become compulsory.”[^107]

Al-Majlisi says:

Hasan.[^108]

Al-Ruhani also declares:

Sahih.[^109]

Al-Kulayni further documents:

‘Ali – his father – Ibn Abi ‘Umayr – Hafs b. al-Bakhtari – Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him:

When the two circumcised parts meet, the dowry, the ‘iddah and the bath become obligatory.[^110]

Al-Majlisi again states:

Hasan.[^111]

And al-Ruhani once more submits:

Sahih.[^112]

So, basically, the ‘iddah is not obligatory until when the private parts of both spouses meet. Therefore, the question to ask is: did their private parts meet? If the answer is a “yes”, then she must observe the ‘iddah period immediately after their separation.

There are, however, some exceptions. For instance, al-Kulayni records:

Humayd b. Ziyad – Ibn Sama’ah – Muhammad b. Ziyad – ‘Abd Allah b. Sinan – Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him:

Amir al-Muminin, peace be upon him, decided concerning the woman whose husband died, leaving her, before ever having intercourse with her. He said, “She cannot re-marry until after observing the ‘iddah for four months and ten days, the ‘iddah of the woman whose husband dies.”[^113]

Al-Majlisi comments:

Muwaththaq.[^114]

Therefore, the widow must observe the ‘iddah, whether her private parts ever met that of her dead mut’ah husband, or not.

The other exceptions to the ‘iddah rule are given in this hadith of al-Kulayni:

Abu ‘Ali al-Ash’ari – Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Jabbar AND al-Razzaz – Ayyub b. Nuh AND Humayd b. Ziyad – Ibn Sama’ah – Safwan – Muhammad b. Hakim – Muhammad b. Muslim – Abu Ja’far, peace be upon him:

The one whose likes cannot become pregnant, there is no ‘iddah upon her.[^115]

Al-Majlisi declares:

Hasan.[^116]

Al-Ruhani agrees with him:

Hasan.[^117]

This is an obvious reference to underage girls – technically, any female below the age of nine - and women who have absolutely reached their menopause. Normally, mut’ah with an underage girl is not allowed. But, if it happens, then the girl is not required to observe any ‘iddah, even if the man had violated her. As for a woman who has reached her menopause, temporary marriage with her is halal. However, she does not count any ‘iddah after her separation from her mut’ah husband, whether he had intercourse with her or not.

Al-Ṭusi also records:

Al-Husayn b. Sa’id – Ibn Abi ‘Umayr – Hammad b. ‘Uthman:

I asked Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, about the one who has despaired of menstruation and the one whose likes do not menstruate. He said, “There is no ‘iddah upon her.”[^118]

Al-Ruhani says:

Sahih.[^119]

This reiterates the points in the hadith of Muhammad b. Muslim: the underage girl and the woman who has reached menopause do not observe any ‘iddah after the mut’ah in any circumstance. As for the underage girl, her mut’ah is also invalid, to begin with. Meanwhile, if a woman has apparently reached her menopause, but there is still some doubt about it, then she must observe the required ‘iddah if her temporary husband had intercourse with her.[^120]

In any case, most Shi’i men would never go into mut’ah with an underage girl, due to its invalidity; and most of them would not want to do it with women above menopause either. Therefore, a typical temporary wife observes the ‘iddah after it, if the union involved sexual intercourse. If there was no consummation of the nikah, then the woman is free to re-marry immediately after it without counting any ‘iddah – except, of course, where the mut’ah husband died during the marriage, as we have already mentioned.

Let us now go into the various ‘iddah counts for mut’ah. For women whose temporary husbands die, their ‘iddah period is stipulated in this ayah:

And those of you who die and leave wives behind them, they (the wives) shall wait for four months and ten days.[^121]

The verse is universal, and applies equally to permanent and temporary marriages. It is direct and explicit. The widow in a mut’ah must observe ‘iddah for four months and ten days. It also does not matter, as discussed above, whether she had intercourse with her dead husband or not. Let us bring back al-Kulayni’s hadith once again:

Humayd b. Ziyad – Ibn Sama’ah – Muhammad b. Ziyad – ‘Abd Allah b. Sinan – Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him:

Amir al-Muminin, peace be upon him, decided concerning the woman whose husband died, leaving her, before ever having intercourse with her. He said, “She cannot re-marry until after observing the ‘iddah for four months and ten days, the ‘iddah of the woman whose husband dies.”[^122]

Al-Majlisi rules:

Muwaththaq.[^123]

Al-Ṭusi also records:

Muhammad b. Ahmad b. Yahya – ‘Ali b. Isma’il – Safwan – ‘Abd al-Rahman b. al-Hajjaj:

I asked Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, about the woman who is married by her husband in mut’ah, then her husband died and left her: “Must she observe the ‘iddah?” So, he said, “She observes the ‘iddah for four months and ten days. But, if its days expire and he is alive, then it is one and a half month, the like of that which is obligatory upon the slave woman”[^124]

Al-Ruhani says:

Sahih.[^125]

Therefore, where the temporary husband dies, the wife observes an ‘iddah of four months and ten days. But, as the hadith also indicates, where both parties are alive at the expiration of the mut’ah, the woman only observes an ‘iddah of one and a half month – forty-five days. Al-Kulayni reports this further confirmation:

Muhammad b. Yahya – Ahmad b. Muhammad – Ibn Faḍḍal – Ibn Bukayr – Zurarah:

The ‘iddah of mut’ah is forty-five days. It is as though I am looking at Abu Ja’far, peace be upon him, forming “forty-five” with his hand. When the term (of the mut’ah) expires, there is separation (between the spouses) without divorce.[^126]

And al-Majlisi states:

Muwaththaq.[^127]

However, there is some further explanation, which al-Ṭusi has recorded:

Muhammad b. Ya’qub – ‘Ali b. Ibrahim – his father – Ibn Abi ‘Umayr – Ibn Uzaynah – Zurarah – Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him:

The ‘iddah of mut’ah**, IF SHE MENSTRUATES, is one menstruation**. But, if she does not menstruate, then it is one and a half month.[^128]

Al-Ruhani comments:

Sahih.[^129]

The Sunni Imam, ‘Abd al-Razzaq (d. 211 H), has a similar hadith:

‘Abd al-Razzaq – Ibn Jurayj – Abu al-Zubayr – Jabir b. ‘Abd Allah:

“We, the Sahabah of the Prophet, peace be upon him, did mut’ah until ‘Amr b. Hurayth was forbidden.”

Jabir also said, “When the time expires, and both (spouses) wish to repeat (the mut’ah), then he must give her another dowry”. One of us asked him, “How long is her ‘iddah**?**” He said, “A single menstruation.”[^130]

This riwayah is hasan, as we have established in the Preface.

Thus, the ‘iddah of forty-five days is only for women who do not menstruate. This obviously refers to women whose likes menstruate, and whose likes get pregnant. However, they do not menstruate, perhaps due to certain medical conditions or situations. For a woman who menstruates, her ‘iddah lasts till the end of a menstrual period.

Then, there is this hadith of al-Kulayni:

‘Ali b. Ibrahim – his father – Ibn Abi ‘Umayr – ‘Umar b. Uzaynah – Isma’il b. al-Faḍl al-Hashimi:

I asked Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, concerning mut’ah, and he said, “Meet ‘Abd al-Malik b. Jurayj and ask him about it, for he has knowledge of it.” So, I met him, and he dictated to me of it a lot of things concerning its legitimacy. And part of what Ibn Jurayj narrated to me, he said: “There is no specific length or any (maximum) number (of the wives) in it. They are only of the status of slave women: he marries any number of them as he wishes, and the husband of four women (also) marries from them whatever he wishes, with no wali or witnesses. When the (agreed) term expires, she separates from him without divorce, and he gives her the small thing; and her ‘iddah is two menstruations, and if she does not menstruate, then forty-five days.”

Then, I brought the document to Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, and I presented to him. So, he said, “He spoke the truth”, and he confirmed it.

Ibn Uzaynah said: Zurarah b. A’yan used to say, “This”, and he would swear, “is the truth”, except that he used to say: “If she menstruates, then it is a menstruation; and if she does not menstruate, then a month and a half”.[^131]

Al-Majlisi declares:

Hasan.[^132]

Ayatullah al-Ruhani also states:

Sahih or Hasan.[^133]

‘Abd al-Malik b. Jurayj (d. 150 H) was a giant Sunni scholar of that era. He was apparently one of the few Salaf who still believed in mut’ah. Imam al-Dhahabi (d. 748 H) documents about him:

Abu Ghassan Zunayj said: I heard Jarir al-Ḍabi saying: “Ibn Jurayj believed in the legitimacy of mut’ah**. He married sixty women**. And it is said that he informed his children of their names, in case one of them made a mistake and married one of those whom his father had married in mut’ah.”[^134]

He also records:

Muhammad b. ‘Abd Allah b. ‘Abd al-Hakam said: I heard al-Shafi’i saying: “Ibn Jurayj did mut’ah with ninety women.”[^135]

The practice of Ibn Jurayj is interesting. Mut’ah is technically a tool of necessity. But, was he really pushed by necessity into marrying sixty or ninety women?! Or, was he only abusing it? Well, perhaps, one may say that he was forced by the needs of those women, rather than his own. He only wanted to help them – to keep them company, privately discuss their problems with them, do his best to help them, and maybe also satisfy their sexual needs. So, he would be making a lot of personal sacrifices to help women of Islam (or those of Judaism and Christianity) who had no one by their side.

Anyway, Ibn Jurayj stated that the ‘iddah of a woman who menstruated was two menstruations, and Imam al-Sadiq, ‘alaihi al-salam, confirmed his statement. This then establishes that the ‘iddah for a woman in mut’ah who menstruates is of two types: (i) a menstruation or (ii) two menstruations. Both types are proved in the authentic ahadith of the Ahl al-Bayt. It then depends upon the choice of the two parties, whichever type they agreed upon in their mut’ah contract. Al-Majlisi submits in this regard:

The classification of the addition upon the (single) menstruation as mustahab (recommended) is not devoid of strength.[^136]

So, the two-menstruation type could be classified as the mustahab, and the one-menstruation type as the standard. Nonetheless, what matters most to our research is that both types are correct; and that either of them is validly available to the mut’ah spouses. Meanwhile, if the woman does not menstruate – and her likes do – then, her ‘iddah is immutably fixed at forty-five days. No options are given in such a case.

What then happens if the woman in a concluded mut’ah is pregnant from it? How long is her ‘iddah? Shaykh al-Kulayni reports:

Humayd b. Ziyad – Ibn Sama’ah – Muhammad b. Ziyad – ‘Abd Allah b. Sinan – Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him:

The pregnant wife whose husband dies and leaves her, her ‘iddah is the longer of the two periods.[^137]

Al-Majlisi comments:

Muwaththaq.[^138]

The two periods are her standard ‘iddah - had she not been pregnant - and her expected delivery date. For a widow, the ‘iddah is four months and ten days. If she is pregnant, however, and her expected delivery date is more than four months and ten days, then her ‘iddah shall be until she delivers. However, if her expected delivery date is shorter than four months and ten days, then the standard ‘iddah of the widow shall apply. In the same manner, if she prematurely delivers, or she has a miscarriage, before four months and ten days, in that case, her ‘iddah shall be only four months and ten days.

Al-Kulayni also documents:

A number of our companions – Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khalid AND ‘Ali b. Ibrahim – his father – ‘Uthman b. ‘Isa – Sama’ah:

The pregnant wife whose husband dies and leaves her, her period shall be the longer of the two periods. If she is pregnant, and four months and ten days pass while she still has not delivered, then her ‘iddah shall be until she delivers. But, if she delivers her pregnancy before the completion of four months and ten days, she observes the ‘iddah after her delivery until the completion of four months and ten days. And that is the longer of the two periods.[^139]

Al-Majlisi says:

Muwaththaq, and upon it is the fatwa.[^140]

Al-Ruhani concurs too:

Muwaththaq.[^141]

This, however, is for a pregnant widow – whether in a permanent marriage or in a mut’ah. What then about the temporary wife who is pregnant and her husband is alive, at the time of their separation? The Qur’an gives the answer very clearly:

And for those who are pregnant, their (waiting) period is until they deliver their pregnancies.[^142]

Al-Kulayni also documents:

‘Ali b. Ibrahim – his father – Ibn Abi Najran – ‘Asim b. Humayd – Muhammad b. Qays – Abu Ja’far, peace be upon him:

The (waiting) period of the pregnant woman is until she delivers her pregnancy; and upon him (i.e. the husband) is her good maintenance until she delivers her pregnancy.[^143]

Al-Majlisi says:

Hasan.[^144]

And al-Ruhani also declares:

Sahih or Hasan.[^145]

This obviously raises the possibility that the ‘iddah of the mut’ah wife could be as long as nine months.

Children Of Mut’ah

And, whatever pregnancy the woman has from mut’ah is legitimate, and so are all children from it. Al-Ṭusi reports:

Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Abi Nasr – ‘Asim b. Humayd – Muhammad b. Muslim:

I said to Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, “Tell me: what if she gets pregnant?” He said, “It is his child.”[^146]

Al-Majlisi says:

Sahih.[^147]

Al-Ruhani agrees:

Sahih.[^148]

Al-Ṭusi again records:

Al-Husayn b. Sa’id – al-Naḍr – ‘Asim b. Humayd – Muhammad b. Muslim:

I asked Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, “How much is the dowry, that is in mut’ah?” So, he said, “Whatsoever they both mutually agree upon, up to whatsoever length of time he wishes.”

I said, “Tell me: what if she gets pregnant?” He said, “It is his child. And if he wishes to renew the union, he can do (that). In such a case, she would not be required to observe the ‘iddah in his case. However, for anyone else, she must observe forty-five nights. Meanwhile, if inheritance is stipulated as a condition (of the mut’ah), then they both must comply with their condition.”[^149]

Al-Majlisi comments:

Sahih.[^150]

Al-Ruhani also states:

Hasan.[^151]

Al-Ṭusi further documents:

Ahmad b. Muhammad b. ‘Isa – Muhammad b. Isma’il b. Bazi’:

A man asked al-Riḍa, peace be upon him, while I was listening, about the man who marries the woman in mut’ah and he imposes a condition upon her that he will not seek her child. But, she later comes with a child and he severely denies the child. So, he (al-Riḍa) said, “Does he deny? How can he deny primarily because of that?” Then, the man said, “What if he accuses her (of fornication)?” He (al-Riḍa) said, “It is not appropriate for you to marry except a faithful woman. Verily, Allah the Almighty says: {The fornicator shall not marry any but a fornicatress or an idolatress; and the fornicatress, none shall marry her but a fornicator or an idolater: and that is made HARAM for the believers}.[^152]

Al-Majlisi declares:

Sahih.[^153]

And al-Ruhani concurs:

Sahih.[^154]

Then, he explains:

(and he imposes a condition upon her that he will not seek her child) meaning, he will use (the contraceptive method of) coitus interruptus with her.^155

So, even if the man had always used coitus interruptus during the temporary marriage, he is still unable to validly deny the paternity of the child, if pregnancy occurs during their union. This, obviously, is one of the reasons why mut’ah with promiscuous women is not allowed. Note especially this part of the hadith:

Then, the man said, “What if he accuses her (of fornication)?” He (al-Riḍa) said, “It is not appropriate for you to marry except a faithful woman. Verily, Allah the Almighty says: {The fornicator shall not marry any but a fornicatress or an idolatress; and the fornicatress, none shall marry her but a fornicator or an idolater: and that is made HARAM for the believers}.

Therefore, the temporary wife must be so completely chaste and faithful that if she gets pregnant despite her husband’s regular use of coitus interruptus, there will nonetheless be absolutely no doubt in his mind that he is the genuine father of the child. It is highly significant that the Imam did not endorse even the man’s accusation of zina against the woman as a sufficient reason to deny his fatherhood of the child. Instead, he warned that the Shi’i man must never marry in mut’ah any woman with the slightest likelihood of committing adultery. Otherwise, the Shi’i man could put himself at a great disadvantage, in which he might be unable to free himself from the paternity of a child that is not biologically his.

Every denial of paternity is a direct claim that the wife had intercourse outside of wedlock. Therefore, the success or failure of the denial by the temporary husband rests squarely on his ability to prove this. Typically, he accuses the wife of adultery, and produces his arguments and evidences or witnesses. If he wins, he frees himself from the unwanted burden. However, the standard of proof in zina cases can be truly very stringent[^156]. Therefore, the chances of success are sometimes hopelessly low. Meanwhile, if he is unable to prove that his wife committed adultery, then he also cannot deny the paternity of her child. Even logically, a woman who has not committed zina cannot possibly give birth to any illegitimate child - except, perhaps, in cases of rape!

Worse still, the husband in a mut’ah has no access to li’an, which is a relatively easier tool for successfully denying paternity or claiming adultery against the wife, in a permanent marriage[^157]. Al-Kulayni reports:

Muhammad – Ahmad – Ibn Mahbub – al-‘Ala b. Razin – Ibn Abi Ya’fur – Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him:

The man does not do li’an against the woman with whom he does mut’ah.[^158]

Al-Majlisi says:

Sahih.[^159]

Al-Ruhani concurs:

Sahih.[^160]

Apparently, the temporary husband does not have many good options. As such, whoever intends to practise mut’ah must watch very carefully the chastity, faithfulness and trustworthiness of the woman he seeks to choose as his wife in it.

Renewal Of The Mut’ah

Our Shi’i man contracts his mut’ah with a righteous Muslim, Jewish or Christian woman for a certain period of time. However, as time passes, he sees a lot of good virtues –spiritual or mundane – in her, and wishes to extend their relationship. Al-Kulayni documents that he can do that:

A number of our companions – Sahl b. Ziyad AND ‘Ali b. Ibrahim – his father – ‘Abd al-Rahman b. Abi Najran AND Ahmad b. Abi Nasr – Abu Basir:

There is no problem if you renew your union when the period (mutually agreed) between both of you expires. You say, “I seek to marry you for another term”, subject to her consent. That is not permissible for anyone apart from you until she completes her ‘iddah.[^161]

Al-Majlisi states:

Hasan ka al-Sahih.[^162]

And referring to the same hadith, al-Ruhani says:

The sahih report of Abu Basir from Abu Ja’far, peace be upon him, on mut’ah.[^163]

So, it is marfu’ - and not mawquf as it appears to be - and it is sahih. It does establish directly, of course, that the renewal can only be done after the end of the ongoing mut’ah.

Al-Ṭusi also says:

Al-Husayn b. Sa’id – al-Naḍr – ‘Asim b. Humayd – Muhammad b. Muslim:

I asked Abu ‘Abd Allah, peace be upon him, “How much is the dowry, that is in mut’ah?” So, he said, “Whatsoever they both mutually agree upon, up to whatsoever length of time he wishes.”

I said, “Tell me: what if she gets pregnant?” He said, “It is his child. And if he wishes to renew the union, he can do (that). In such a case, she would not be required to observe the ‘iddah in his case. However, for anyone else, she must observe forty-five nights. Meanwhile, if inheritance is stipulated as a condition (of the mut’ah), then they both must comply with their condition.”[^164]

Al-Majlisi states:

Sahih.[^165]

Al-Ruhani, on his own, submits:

Hasan.[^166]

Imam ‘Abd al-Razzaq of the Ahl al-Sunnah is not left out either:

‘Abd al-Razzaq – Ibn Jurayj – Abu al-Zubayr – Jabir b. ‘Abd Allah:

“We, the Sahabah of the Prophet, peace be upon him, did mut’ah until ‘Amr b. Hurayth was forbidden.”

Jabir also said, “When the time expires, and both (spouses) wish to repeat (the mut’ah**), then he must give her another dowry**”. One of us asked him, “How long is her ‘iddah?” He said, “A single menstruation.”[^167]

This chain is hasan, as we have repeatedly mentioned.

The Shi’i man, therefore, can validly negotiate and start a new temporary marriage with the same woman, even during her ‘iddah. Meanwhile, the new marriage with the same man lawfully overturns and cancels the waiting period. The ability to propose a new mut’ah to her, or to re-marry her, during her ‘iddah is strictly restricted to her fresh ex-husband. Once her waiting period completes, the man loses his monopoly of that right, and she becomes legally available for marriage to every qualified Muslim man. Of course, the success of the renewal attempts depends upon the consent of the woman.

[^1]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 452, # 1

[^2]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 233

[^3]: See Qur’an 4:23-25

[^4]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 463, # 4

[^5]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 252

[^7]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 463, # 5

[^8]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 252

[^9]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 10, p. 38, Ch. 1, # 133 (133)

[^10]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 20, p. 106

[^11]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 7, pp. 68-69, # 6

[^12]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 23, p. 110

[^13]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (3rd edition, 1412 H), vol. 2, p. 16

[^14]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 398, # 2

[^15]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 138

[^16]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 21, p. 88

[^17]: See Qur’an 4:24

[^18]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 462, # 2

[^19]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 251

[^20]: Qur’an 24:3

[^21]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 7, p. 269, Ch. 24, # 82 (1157)

[^22]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Maladh al-Akhyar fi Fahm Tahdhib al-Akhbar (Qum: Maktabah Ayatullah al-Mar’ashi; 1407 H), vol. 12, p. 69, # 81

[^23]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 22, p. 43

[^24]: Qur’an 5:5

[^25]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 355, # 6

[^26]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 62

[^27]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 453, # 1

[^28]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 235

[^29]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 454, # 6

[^30]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 237

[^31]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 454, # 4

[^32]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 237

[^33]: Abu al-‘Abbas Ahmad b. ‘Abd al-Halim b. Taymiyyah al-Harrani, Majmu’ al-Fatawa, vol. 15, p. 328

[^34]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, pp. 355-356, # 1

[^35]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 62

[^36]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 21, p. 314

[^37]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 348, # 3

[^38]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 51

[^39]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 21, p. 476

[^40]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 349, # 8

[^41]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 51

[^42]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 21, p. 476

[^43]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 348, # 2

[^44]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 50

[^45]: Hadi al-Najafi, Mawsu’at Ahadith Ahl al-Bayt (Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-‘Arabi; 1st edition, 1423 H), vol. 2, p. 87, # 1353

[^46]: Qur’an 5:5

[^47]: Qur’an 2:221

[^48]: Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Hurr al-‘Amili, Tafṣil Wasail al-Shi’ah ila Tahṣil Masail al-Shari’ah (Qum: Muasassat Al al-Bayt ‘Alaihim al-Salam li Ihya al-Turath; 2nd edition, 1414 H), vol. 21, p. 37, Ch. 13, # 1 (26465)

[^49]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 21, p. 439

[^50]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 7, p. 256, Ch. 24, # 30 (1105)

[^51]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Maladh al-Akhyar fi Fahm Tahdhib al-Akhbar (Qum: Maktabah Ayatullah al-Mar’ashi; 1407 H), vol. 12, p. 42, # 30

[^52]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 7, p. 298, Ch. 26, # 6 (1248)

[^53]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Maladh al-Akhyar fi Fahm Tahdhib al-Akhbar (Qum: Maktabah Ayatullah al-Mar’ashi; 1407 H), vol. 12, p. 117, # 6

[^54]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 21, p. 438

[^55]: The hymen can be broken on account of consensual sex, masturbation, rape, disease, accident, injury, medical examination, physical exercise, cycling, the use of a tampon during menstruation, and so on. By contrast, there are women whose hymen still remains intact even after having had penetrative sex.

[^56]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 25, pp. 420-421

[^57]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 462, # 1

[^58]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 251

[^60]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 7, p. 255, Ch. 24, # 27 (1102)

[^61]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Maladh al-Akhyar fi Fahm Tahdhib al-Akhbar (Qum: Maktabah Ayatullah al-Mar’ashi; 1407 H), vol. 12, p. 41, # 27

[^62]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 462, # 2

[^63]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 251

[^64]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 6, p. 109, # 1

[^65]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 21, p. 185

[^66]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 169, # 1

[^67]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 19, p. 165

[^68]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 22, p. 190

[^69]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 7, p. 467, Ch. 41, # 80 (1870)

[^70]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 22, p. 190

[^71]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 393, # 1

[^72]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 129

[^74]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 21, p. 154

[^75]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 7, p. 254-255, Ch. 24, # 24 (1099)

[^76]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Maladh al-Akhyar fi Fahm Tahdhib al-Akhbar (Qum: Maktabah Ayatullah al-Mar’ashi; 1407 H), vol. 12, p. 39, # 24

[^77]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 21, p. 155

[^78]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 251

[^79]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 455, # 1

[^80]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 238

[^82]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 7, pp. 262-263, Ch. 24, # 60 (1135)

[^83]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Maladh al-Akhyar fi Fahm Tahdhib al-Akhbar (Qum: Maktabah Ayatullah al-Mar’ashi; 1407 H), vol. 12, p. 54, # 59

[^84]: See Qur’an 4:25, 5:5, 33:50, and 60:10

[^85]: See Qur’an 4:24

[^86]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 455, # 2

[^87]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 238

[^88]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 455, # 4

[^89]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 239

[^90]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 7, p. 264, Ch. 24, # 66 (1141)

[^91]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Maladh al-Akhyar fi Fahm Tahdhib al-Akhbar (Qum: Maktabah Ayatullah al-Mar’ashi; 1407 H), vol. 12, p. 58, # 65

[^92]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 22, p. 36

[^93]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 465, # 2

[^94]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 255

[^95]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 22, pp. 48-49

[^96]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 7, p. 264, Ch. 24

[^97]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 7, p. 264, Ch. 24, # 66 (1141)

[^98]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Maladh al-Akhyar fi Fahm Tahdhib al-Akhbar (Qum: Maktabah Ayatullah al-Mar’ashi; 1407 H), vol. 12, p. 58, # 65

[^99]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 22, p. 36

[^100]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 465, # 1

[^101]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 255

[^102]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 7, p. 265, Ch. 24, # 69 (1144)

[^103]: Ibid, vol. 7, pp. 264-265, Ch. 24, # 67 (1141)

[^104]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 22, p. 48

[^105]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 7, p. 265, Ch. 24

[^106]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Maladh al-Akhyar fi Fahm Tahdhib al-Akhbar (Qum: Maktabah Ayatullah al-Mar’ashi; 1407 H), vol. 12, p. 59, # 66

[^107]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 6, p. 109, # 1

[^108]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 21, p. 185

[^109]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 23, p. 15

[^110]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 6, p. 109, # 2

[^111]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 21, p. 185

[^112]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 23, p. 15

[^113]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 6, p. 119, # 8

[^114]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 21, p. 204

[^115]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 6, p. 85, # 3

[^116]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 21, p. 145

[^117]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 23, p. 11

[^118]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 8, p. 66, Ch. 3, # 137 (218)

[^119]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 23, p. 10

[^120]: See Qur’an 65:4

[^121]: Qur’an 2:234

[^122]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 6, p. 119, # 8

[^123]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 21, p. 204

[^124]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 8, p. 157, Ch. 6, # 143 (544)

[^125]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 22, p. 52

[^126]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 458, # 3

[^127]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 244

[^128]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 8, p. 165, Ch. 6, # 172 (573)

[^129]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 22, p. 52

[^130]: Abu Bakr ‘Abd al-Razzaq b. Hamam al-Ṣa’nani, al-Muṣannaf [annotator: Habib al-Rahman al-A’ẓami], vol. 7, p. 499, # 14025

[^131]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 451, # 6

[^132]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 232

[^133]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 22, p. 51

[^134]: Shams al-Din Muhammad b. Ahmad b. ‘Uthman al-Dhahabi, Siyar A’lam al-Nubala (Beirut: Muasassat al-Risalah; 9th edition, 1413 H) [annotators of the sixth volume: Shu’ayb al-Arnauṭ and Husayn al-Asad], vol. 6, p. 331, # 138

[^135]: Ibid, vol. 6, p. 333, # 138

[^136]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 243

[^137]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 6, p. 114, # 6

[^138]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 21, p. 196

[^139]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 6, pp. 113-114, # 1

[^140]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 21, p. 195

[^141]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 22, p. 56

[^142]: Qur’an 65:4

[^143]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 6, p. 103, # 1

[^144]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 21, p. 173

[^145]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 22, p. 332

[^146]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, al-Istibṣar (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 3, p. 152, Ch. 100, # 1 (557)

[^147]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Maladh al-Akhyar fi Fahm Tahdhib al-Akhbar (Qum: Maktabah Ayatullah al-Mar’ashi; 1407 H), vol. 12, p. 67, # 78

[^148]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 22, p. 43

[^149]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 7, p. 264, Ch. 24, # 66 (1141)

[^150]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Maladh al-Akhyar fi Fahm Tahdhib al-Akhbar (Qum: Maktabah Ayatullah al-Mar’ashi; 1407 H), vol. 12, p. 58, # 65

[^151]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 22, p. 36

[^152]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 7, p. 269, Ch. 24, # 82 (1157)

[^153]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Maladh al-Akhyar fi Fahm Tahdhib al-Akhbar (Qum: Maktabah Ayatullah al-Mar’ashi; 1407 H), vol. 12, p. 69, # 81

[^154]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 22, p. 43

[^156]: See, for instance, Qur’an 4:15 and 24:4

[^157]: See Qur’an 24:6-9

[^158]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 6, p. 166, # 17

[^159]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 21, p. 276

[^160]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 22, p. 44

[^161]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. Ya’qub b. Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi, al-Furu’ min al-Kafi (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: ‘Ali Akbar al-Ghiffari], vol. 5, p. 458, # 1

[^162]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 244

[^163]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 22, p. 57

[^164]: Abu Ja’far Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Ṭusi, Tahdhib al-Ahkam (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Hasan al-Musawi al-Khurasan], vol. 7, p. 264, Ch. 24, # 66 (1141)

[^165]: Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Maladh al-Akhyar fi Fahm Tahdhib al-Akhbar (Qum: Maktabah Ayatullah al-Mar’ashi; 1407 H), vol. 12, p. 58, # 65

[^166]: Muhammad Ṣadiq al-Husayni al-Ruhani, Fiqh al-Ṣadiq (Qum: Muasassat Dar al-Kitab; 3rd edition, 1414 H), vol. 22, p. 36

[^167]: Abu Bakr ‘Abd al-Razzaq b. Hamam al-Ṣa’nani, al-Muṣannaf [annotator: Habib al-Rahman al-A’ẓami], vol. 7, p. 499, # 14025