The Occultation of the Twelfth Imam (A Historical Background)

Bibliography

‘Abbas Iqbal, Khandan‑i Nawbakhti, Tehran, 1966/1386.

‘Abd al‑Muhsin al‑‘Abbad, ‘Aqa'id Ahl al‑Sunna wal‑Athar fi al‑Mahdi al‑Muntazar, Part I, al‑Hadi, Vol. 1, Qumm, 1971/1391, pp. 30‑42.

Abu al‑Fida,’Imad al‑Din Isma’il (d. 732§1332), al‑Mukhtasar fi Akhbar al‑Bashar, Vols. 1‑4, Cairo, n.d.

al‑‘Ali, Salih Ahmad, "Idarat Baghdad fi al‑‘Usur al‑‘Abbasiyya al‑U1a", Sumar, XXXIII (1977), 126‑146. --‑,"al‑Mada'in fi al‑Masadir al‑‘Arabiyya", Sumar XXIII, 47‑66.

al‑‘Allaq, Husayn Sabih, al‑Shu'ara wal‑Kuttab fi al‑‘Iraq fi al‑Qarn al‑Thalith al­-Hijri, Beirut, 1975

al‑‘Amid, Tahir Muzaffar, Baghdad, Najaf, 1967.

al‑‘Amili Baha' al‑Din (d. 1031/1622), al‑Risala al‑Ithna ‘Ashariyya fi al‑Radd ‘ala al‑Sufiyya, India Office Library, Arabic Ms. 2161, Delhi Arabic No. 719J.

Amin, Ahmad, Duhr al‑Islam, Vols. 1‑2, Cairo, 1958. (Amin) al‑Mahdi wal‑Mahdawiyya, Cairo, 1951.

al‑Amin, Muhsin al‑Husayni al‑‘Amili, A’iyyan al‑Shi’a, Vols. 1‑55, Beirut, n.d.

al‑Ansari, ‘Abd al‑Wahid, Madhahib Ibtadatha al‑Siyasa fi al‑Islam, Beirut, 1973/1393.

‘Arib b. Sa’d al‑Qurtubi (d. 366/976), Silat Tarikh al‑Tabari, Leiden, 1897.

al‑‘Asfari, ‘Abbad b. Ya’qub al‑Rawajini (d. 250/864), Asl Abu Said al‑‘Ayfarz, Ms. Tehran Univ. no. 262 and 1962.

al‑Ash’ari, ‘Ali b. Isma’il (d. 329/941), Maqalat al‑Ishamiyyin, 2 vols., Cairo, 1950‑2.
---‑ ,al‑Luma’fi al‑Radd ‘ala Ahl al‑Zaygh wal‑Bida’, Cairo, 1955.
---,al‑Ibana ‘an Usul al‑Diyana, Cairo, 1348/1929.

al‑‘Askari, Najm al‑Din Ja’far b. Mu., al‑Mahdi al‑Maw’ud al‑Muntazar, vols. 1‑2, Beirut, 1977/1397.

al‑Azdi, Abu Zakariyya Yazid (d. 334/945), Tarikh al‑Mawsil, vol. 2, Cairo, 1387/1967.

al‑Azraqi, Muhammad b. ‘Abd Allah (d. ca. 244/858), Akhbar Makka, vols. 1‑2, Mecca, 1965.

Bacharach, Jere L., A Near East Studies Handbook, Seattle and London, 1976.

al‑Baghdadi, cAbd al‑Qahir b. Tahir (d. 429/1037), al‑Farq bayn al‑Firaq, Beirut, 1393/1973.
----‑,Moslem Schisms and sects (al‑Farq bayn al‑Firaq), trans. from Arabic by K. C. Seelye, New York, 1966.
----‑,Usul al‑Din, Istanbul, 1928.

al‑Baladhuri, Ahmad b. Yahya (d. 279/892), Futah al‑Buldan, Beirut, 1957.

Bandar, ‘Abd al‑Zahara, ‘Aqidat al‑Bada', M. A. Thesis, Baghdad University, Bahgdad, 1976.

al‑Barqi, Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Khalid (d. 274‑80/887‑93), Kitab al‑Mahasin, Tehran, 1370/1950.
---, al‑Rijal, Tehran, 1342. Bosworth, C. E., The Islamic Dynasties, Edinburgh, 1967.

Brockelmann, Carl, Geschichte der Arabischen Literatur, 2nd rev. ed., 2 vols., Leiden, 1943‑49. ----‑, Geschichte der Arabischen Literatur, supplement, 3 vols., Leiden, 1937‑42.

al‑Bukhari, Muhammad b. Isma'il (d. 256/870), Kitab al‑Jami’ al‑Sahih, Leiden, 1862­1908.

Buzurg, Muhammad Muhsin al‑Tihrani, al‑Dhari'ah ila Tasanif al‑Shi’a, vols. 1‑20, Najaf, 1936‑70.

(Buzurg) Musaffa al‑Maqal, Tehran, 1378/1958.
----‑, Tabaqat A’lam al‑Shi’a, vols. 1‑8, Beirut, 1971*.*

*al‑Dhahabi, Muhammad b. Ahmad (d 748/1347), al‑‘Ibar fi Khabar man Ghabar, vols, 1-*4, Kuwait, 1960‑63. .
----‑,Mizan al‑I’tidal fi Naqd al‑Rijal, vols. 1‑4, Cairo, 1383/1963.
----‑,Tarikh al‑Isldm wa Mashahir al‑A'lam, vols. 1‑5, Cairo, 1368/1948‑9; National Library, Paris, Ms. (Arabic No. 1581).

---,Tadhkirat al‑Huffaz, Haydar Abad, 1398‑9/1968‑70.

Dakhiyyl, ‘Ali Muh. ‘Ali, al‑Imam al‑Mahdi Najaf, 1385/1966.

Di'bil al‑Khuza'i (d. 246/860), Shir Di’bil b. ‘Ali al‑Khuza’i, ed. by ‘Abd al‑Karim al­Ashtar, Damascus, 1384/1964.

al‑Dijayf, ‘Abd al‑Hamid, Rasa'il Isma’iliyya Nadira; includes Risalat al‑Ghayba, the occultation of the Fatimid caliph al‑Hakim attributed to Ibn Abi Yala, and was written in 411/1012, Majallat al‑Majma’ al‑‘Ilmi al‑‘Iraqi, vol. 3, part 1, 1954, pp. 405­421; vol. 4, part 1 1956, pp. 251‑64.

al‑Dinawari, Abu Hanifa Ahmad b. Dawud (d. 282/896), al‑Akhbar al‑Tiwal, ed. by ‘Abd al-Mun’im ‘Amir, Cairo, 1960

Donaldson, D. M., The Shiite Religion; A History of Islam in Persia and Irak, London, 1933.

al‑Duri, A. A., Tarikh al‑‘Iraq fi al‑Qarn al‑Rabi’ al‑Hijri, Baghdad, 1948.

Eliash, J.,"Hasan al‑‘Askari", E. I 2, III.

al‑Fadli, ‘Abd al‑Hadi, Fi lntizar al‑Imam, Beirut, 1972.

Fayyad, ‘Abd Allah, Tarikh al‑Imamiyya wa Aslafihim min al‑Shi'a, Baghdad, 1972.
--‑,Tarikh al‑Tarbiyya ‘inda al‑Imamiyya wa Aslafihim min al‑Shi’a, Baghdad, 1972.

Flotin, Van, al‑Siyada al‑‘Arabiyya wa‑l‑Shi’a wal Israilliyat, trans. into Arabic by Hasan Ibrahim and Muhammad Zaki, Cairo, 1934.

Fyzee, A. A., A Shiite Creed, a translation of Risalat al‑i’tiqadat of al‑Saduq al-­Qummi, London, 1942.

al‑Galbaygani, Lutf Allah al‑Safi, Muntakhab al‑Athar fi al‑Imam al Thani ‘Ashar, 2nd ed. Tehran, n.d.

al‑Ghurayfi, Muhyi al‑Din al‑Musawi, al‑Ijtihad wal‑Fatwa fi ‘asr al‑Ma’sum wa Ghaybatahu, Beirut, 1978.

Gibb, H. A. R., "Abu al‑Saraya", E.I.2

Goldziher, I*,al‑‘Aqida wa‑l‑Shari’a* fi al‑Islam, trans. by Muh. Yusuf, Cairo, 1378/1959.

(Goldziher) and Tritton, A. S., "Bada"', E. I. 2, I.

Grunebaum, G. E. von, Classical Islam, A History 600‑1258, trans. by K. Watson, London, 1970.

al‑Hadrami, Ja’far b. Muhammad b. Shurayh, Kitab Ja’far b. Shurayh, Ms. Tehran Univ., no. 262. 1262.

al‑Ha'iri, ‘Ali b. Zayd al‑‘Abidin al‑Yazdi, Ilzam al‑Nasib fi Ithbat al‑Hujja al‑Gha'ib, Karbala', 1963.
----, Muntaha al‑Maqal, Iran, 1302.

al‑Hasani, Hashim Ma'ruf, Sirat al‑A'imma al‑Ithna ‘Ashar, vols. 1‑2, Beirut, 1977/1397.

al‑Hasani, Jihad, The Question of Imama, Political and Religious Authority in Twelver Shiite Thought, Ph.D. Thesis, Manchester, 1974.

al‑Haythami, Ibn Hajar (d. 974/1565), al‑Sawa'iq al‑Muhriqa fi al‑Radd ‘ala Ahl al-­Zaygh wal‑Zandaqa, Cairo, 1312/1894.

al‑Hilili, Sulaym b. Qays al‑‘Amiri al‑Kufi (d. 80‑90/699‑708), As Sulaym b. Qays, Najaf, n.d.

al‑Hilli al‑‘Allaama al‑Hasan b. Yusuf (d. 726/1325), Anwar al‑Malakut fi Sharh al­Yaqut, Tehran, 1338 solar.
----‑, Kashf al‑Murad fi Tajrid al‑Itiqad, Mashhad, n.d.

Hodgson, M. G. S.,"How did the early Shi’a become sectarian?", J.A.O.S., LXXV (1955), pp. 1‑13.
---‑,"Dja’far al‑Sadiq", EI.2, II.

Huart, Cl., "Isma’iliyya", E. I. 2

al‑Hurr al‑‘Amili, Muhammad b. al‑Hasan (d. 1104/1692), Wasa'il al‑Shi’a, 20 vols., Beirut, 1391/1971.

Ibn ‘Abd al‑Wahhab, Husayn, ‘Uyun al‑Mujizat, Najaf, 1950.

Ibn Abi ‘Awn Muhammad b. Ahmad b. al‑Najm (d. 322/933), Kitab al‑Tashbihat, London, 1950/1369.

Ibn A’tham, Ahmad al‑Kufi (d. 314/926), Kitab al‑Futuh, vols. 1‑8, Haydar Abad 1395/1975.

Ibn al‑Athir, ‘Izz al‑Din (d. 630/1232), al‑Kamil fi al‑Tarikh, Leiden, 1283‑93/1866‑76.
---‑, al‑Lubab fi Tahdhib al‑Ansab, vols. 1‑3, Cairo, 1356.

Ibn Dawud, al‑Hasan b. ‘Ali al‑Hilli (d. 647/1249), Kitab al‑Rijal, Tehran, 1964.

Ibn Furat al‑Kufi, Furat b. Ibrahim (d. 3rd/9th century), Tafsir Furat al‑Kufi, Najaf, n.d.

Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad (d. 241/855), al‑Musnad, Cairo, 1313/1895.

Ibn Hawqal, Abu al‑Qasim Muhammad, al‑Masalik wal‑Mamalik, Leiden, 1873.

Ibn Hawshab, al‑Husayn b. Farah b. Mansur (d. ca. 322/933), Kitab al‑Kashf ed. R. Strothmann, Cairo/London/Bombay, 1952.

Ibn Hazm, ‘Ali b. Ahmad (d. 456/1063), al‑Fasl fi al‑Milal wal‑Ahwa' wal‑Nihal 5 vols; in the margin, al‑Shahristam, al‑Milal wa‑I‑Nihal, Cairo, 1317‑21, and Beirut, 1395/1975.
--- Jamharat Ansab al‑'Arab, Cairo, 1391/1971.

Ibn Hibban, Muh. b. Hibban b. Ahmad Abi Hatim (d. 354/965), Kitab al‑Majruhin min al‑Muhaddithin wal‑du’afa wal‑Matrukin, 3 vols., Halab, 1396/1976.
----‑, Mashahir ‘Ulama' al‑Amsar, ed. by M. Fleischhammer, Weisbaden, 1959.

Ibn Hisham, Das Leben Muhammads, ed. by Wustenfeld, Gottingen, 1859.

Ibn al‑Jawzi, Abu al‑Faraj ‘Abd al‑Rahman (d. 597/1200), al‑Muntazam fi Tarikh al-­Mulk wal‑Umam, vols., 3‑6, Haydar Abad, 1357/1938, and Cairo, n.d.
----‑, Talbis Iblis, Cairo, 1928.

Ibn Kathir, Isma’il b. ‘Umar (d. 774/1372), al‑Bidaya wal‑Nihaya, Beirut, 1386/1966.

Ibn Khaldun (d. 808/1406), al‑‘Ibar wa Diwan al‑Mubtada' wal‑Khabar, Cairo, 1284­7/1867/70.
----‑, al‑Muqaddima, Cairo, 1322/1904.

Ibn Khallikan, Abu al‑‘Abbas Ahmad (d. 681/1282), Wafayat al‑A’yan, Cairo, 1367/1948.

Ibn Khurdadhbih, Abu al‑Qasim ‘Ubayd Allah (d. 300/912), Kitab al‑Masalik wal ­Mamalik, Leiden, 1889.

Ibn Manzur, Muhammad b. Mukarram (d. 711/1311), Lisan al‑‘Arab, Cairo, 1300­3/1885‑7.

Ibn Miskawayh, Ahmad b. Muhammad (d. 421/1030), Tajarib al‑Umam, 4 vols., Cairo, 1914.

Ibn al‑Mu’tazz, ‘Abd A11ah (d. 296/908), Tabaqat al‑Shu’ara', ed. by ‘Abd al‑Sattar Farraj, Cairo, 1956.

Ibn Muttahir, al‑Hasan b. Yusuf b. ‘Ali al‑Hilli, Idah al‑Ishtibah fi Asma al‑Ruwat, ed. by Muhammad b. al‑Fayd al‑Kashani (d. after 1112/1700) under the name Naqd al­ Idah, Mashhad, 1351.

Ibn al‑Nadim, Abu al‑Faraj Muhammad b. Abi Ya’qub Ishaq (d. 380/990), al‑Fihrist, ed. by Reza Tajadud, Tehran, 1971, and Egypt, 1350/1931; trans. by Dodge, 2 vols., New York, 1970.

Ibn Shadhan, al‑Fadl (d. 260/873), Kitab al‑Idah, Tehran, n.d.

Ibn Shahr ikshub, Muhammad b. ‘Ali (d. 588/1162), Ma’alim al‑‘Ulama, Tehran, 1353.

Ibn Shu’ba, Muhammad b. ‘Ali al‑Halabi (d. 4th/10th century), Tuhaf al‑‘uq'ul ‘an Al al‑Rasul), Najaf, 1966.

Ibn Taghri Bardi, Abu al‑Mahasin (d. 874/1469), al‑Nujum al‑Zahira, 12 vols., Cairo, n.d.

Ibn al‑Taqtaqa, Muhammad b. ‘Ali b. Tabataba (d. 701/1300), al‑Fakhri fi al‑Adab al- Sultaniyya wa‑l‑Duwal al‑Ishamiyya, Cairo, 1927.

Ibn Tawus, ‘Abl b. Musa (d. 664/1265), al‑Iqbal, Iran, n.d.
----‑, Kashf al‑Mahajja, Najaf, 1950/1370.
-----, al‑Malahim wal‑Fitan, Najaf, 1948.

Ibn Tayfur, Ahmad b. Tihir (d. 280/893), Kitab Baghdad, ed. by ‘Izzat al‑'Attar, Cairo, 1368/1949.

Ibn Taymiyya, Ahmad b. ‘Abd al‑Halim (d. 728/1327), Jami' al‑Rasa'il, Cairo, n.d.

Ibn Tulun, Shams al‑Din Muhammad (d. 953/1546), al‑Shadharat al‑Dhahabiyya fi Tarajum al‑A'imma al‑Ithna ‘Ashar 'Ind al‑Imamiyya, ed. by Salah al‑Din al‑Munajjid, Beirut, 1958.

Ibn ‘Uqda, Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Said (d. 333/944), Kitab al‑Malahim, Ms. 262, Tehran University.

Ibrahim Amim, Kitab Ghaybat Shaykh Tusi wa Siyar Tarikhi Masa'alat Ghaybat Imam, Co‑Memorial of al‑Tusi (385‑460), vol. 1, pp. 287‑313, Mashhad, 1970/1348.

al‑Irbili, ‘Ali b. ‘Isa (d. 693/1293), Kashf al‑Ghumma fi Ma’rifat al‑A'imma, vols. 1‑2,
Tabriz, Qumm, 1381/1961, and vols. 1‑3, Najaf, 1965.

al‑Isfahani, Abu al‑Faraj ‘Ah b. al‑Husayn (d. 356/966), Kitab al‑Aghani, vols. 1‑20, Cairo, 1285/1868.
----, Maqatil al‑Talibiyyin, Cairo, 1949, and Najaf, 1965.

Ivanow, W., The Alleged founder of Isma’ilism, Bombay, 1946.
----, "Isma’ilis and Qarmatians", Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, XVI (1940), 43‑85.
--‑,The Rise of the Fatimids, Bombay, 1946.

Ja’far al‑Khalili, Mawsu'at al‑‘Atabat al‑Muqaddasa, Samarra section, vol. 1, Baghdad, 1965.

al‑Jahshiyari, Muhammad b. ‘Abdus (d. 331/941), Kitab al‑Wuzara' wal‑Kuttab, Cairo, 1938.

Javad ‘Ali, "Die beiden ersten safire des zwolften Imams", in Der Islam, XXV (1939), 197‑227.

al‑Kanji, Muhammad b. Yusuf (d. 658/1260), al‑Bayan fi Akhbar Sahib al‑Zaman, Tabriz, 1323.

al‑Kashshi, Muhammad b. ‘Umar b. ‘Abd al‑‘Aziz (d. ca. 340/951), Ikhtiyar Ma’rifat al‑Rijal, Mashhad, 1348.

al‑Karajaki, Abu al‑Fath Muhammad b. ‘Ali b. ‘Uthman (d. 449/1057), Kanz al-­Fawa'id, includes five letters: Risalat al‑Bayan ‘an Jumal I’tiqadat Ahl al‑Imam; Risala fi Wujub al‑Imama; Risala fi Usul al‑Fiqh; Risalar al‑Burhan ‘ala Sihhat Tul ‘Umar Sahib al‑Zaman; Risalat al‑Ta'ajjub min al‑Karajaki.

al‑Kharraz al‑Rizi al‑Qummi (d. after 381/991), Kifayat al‑Athar fi al‑Nusus ‘ala al-­A'imma al‑Ithna ‘Ashar, Iran, 1305/1888. al‑Khirsan, Hasan, Sharh Mashyakhat Tahdhib al‑Ahkam, Najaf, 1963.

al‑Khatib al‑Baghdadi, Ahmad b. ‘Ali (d. 463/1070), Tarikh Baghdad, 14 vols., Cairo, 1349/1931.

al‑Khawansari, Muhammad Baqir (d. 1313/1895), Rawdat al‑Jannat, Tehran, 1390/1970.

al‑Khumaym, Ruh Allah al‑Musawi, al‑Hukuma al‑Islamiyya (Wilayat al‑Faqih), Beirut, 1977.

al‑Kindi, Muhammad b. Yusuf (d. ca. 335/946), Wulat Misr, Beirut, 1959/1379.

Kohlberg, E., "From Imamiyya to Ithna‑‘Ashariyya", Bulletin of S.O.A. S., London Univ., XXXIX, part 3 (1976), 521‑534.

al‑Kubaysi, Hamdan ‘Abd al‑Majid, ‘Asr al‑Khalifa al‑Muqtadir bi‑llah (295‑320/907­932), Najaf, 1394/1974.

al‑Kulayni, Muhammad b. Ya’qub (d. 329/941), al‑Kafi fi ‘Ilm al‑Din, 6 vols., Tehran,
1381/1961.
----, al‑Rawda min al‑Kafi, Tehran, n.d.

al‑Laythi, Samira Mukhtir, Jihad al‑Shi’a ji al‑‘Asr al‑‘Abbasi al‑Awwal, Beirut, 1976.

Lewis, B., The Origin of Isma’ilism, Cambridge 1940.
---‑, "Abu al‑Khattab", EI 2.
----‑, "‘Ali al‑Riďa", EI2. I
----‑, "al‑‘Askari", EI2. II
-----, “Bab", EI2. I

Macdonald, D.B., "al‑Ghayba", EI1 II
---, "al‑Mahdi", EI1 III

Madelung, W., "Karmati", E.I2, IV.

al‑Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir (d. 1111/1699), Bihar al‑Anwar, vols. 50‑54, Tehran, 1376 continuing.

Massignon, L., La Passion de Husayn Ibn Mansur Hallaj, 3 vols., Gallimard, 1975.
---, "Nusairi", EI1', III.

al‑Mas’udi, ‘Ali b. al‑Hasan (d. 346/957), Ithbat al‑Wasiyya, Najaf, 1955.
---‑, Muruj al‑Dhahab wa Ma’adin al‑Jawhar fi al‑Tarikh, 9 vols., Paris, 1961‑76.
--, al‑Tanbih wal‑Ishraf, Baghdad, 1357/1938.

Mir Lawhi, Sayyid (d. 12th/ 17th century), Kifayat al‑Muhtaji fi Ma ‘rifat al‑Mahdi, Ms.
in Tehran University Library, Mishkat Collection.

al‑Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad b. al‑Nu’min (d. 413/ 1022), Awa'il al‑Maqalat fi al‑Madhahib wa‑l‑Mukhtarat, Tabriz, 1371.
---‑, al‑Fusul al‑‘Ashara fi al‑Ghayba, Najaf, 1371/1951.
----‑, al‑Irshad, Najaf, 1392/1972.

(al‑Mufid) al‑Muqni’a fi al‑Fiqh, Qumm, 1966.
-----, Tashih I’tiqddat al‑Imamiyya, Tabriz, 1371/1951.

al‑Muhaqqiq al‑Hilli, Ja’far b. al‑Hasan (d. 676/1277), al‑Mu’tabar fi Sharh al­-Mukhtasar, Qumm, 1368/1948.

al‑Murtada, ‘Ali b. al‑Husayn (d. 436/1044), Mas'ala wajiza fi al‑Ghayba, Baghdad, 1955.

--, al‑Shaf fi al‑Imama, Tehran 1301/1883; also its summary by al‑Tusi, Talkhis al‑Shafi, 4 vols., Najaf, 1963.
---‑, al‑Fusul al‑Mukhtara min al‑‘Uyun wal‑Mahasin lil‑Mufid, Najaf, 1966.

Muslim b. al‑Hajjaj al‑Qushayri al‑Nisaburi (d. 261/875), Sahih Muslim, 4 vols., Cairo, 1377/1957.

al‑Muzaffar, Muhammad Riďa, al‑Saqifa, Najaf, 1965.

al‑Najashi, Ahmad b. ‘Ali b. Ahmad (d. 450/1058), Kitab al‑Rijal, Tehran, n.d.

Naji, ‘Abd al‑Jabbar, "Tarikh al‑Tabari Masdaran an Thawrat al‑Zanj", al‑Mawrid, VII, No. 2 (1978), pp. 37‑92.
----‑, "al‑Tanzim al‑‘Askari li‑Jaysh Sahib al‑Zanj", al‑Mu'arrikh al‑‘Arabi, VII (1978), 116‑157.

al‑Nawbakhti, al‑Hasan b. Musa (d. before 310/922), Firaq al‑Shi’a, ed. by Ritter, Leipzig, 1931, and Najaf, 1963.

al‑Nu'mani, Muhammad b. Ibrahim (d. 360/970), Kitab al‑Ghayba, Tabriz, 1317/1899.

al‑Nuraqi, Husayn b. Ahmad (d. 1332/1913), Tarikh al‑Kufa, Najaf, 1379/1960.

Omar, F., "Some aspects of the ‘Abbasid‑Husaynid relations during the early ‘Abbasid period (132‑193/750‑809)", Arabica, XXII (1975), 170‑9.
-----, "Some observations on the reign of the 'Abbasid caliph al‑Mahdi (158­169/775‑785)", Arabica, XXI (1974), 139‑150.

Osman, Muhammad Salih, Mahdiism in Islam up to 260 A.H.1874 and its relation to Zoroastrian, Jewish and Christian Messianism, Ph.D. Thesis, Edinburgh University, 1976.

al‑Qadi ‘Abd al‑Jabbar, Abu al‑Hasan (d. 415/1024), al‑Mughni fi Abwab al‑Tawhid wal‑‘Adl, vol. 20, parts 1‑2, section on al‑Imama, Cairo, 1963.

al‑Qalqashandi, Ahmad b. ‘Ali (d. 821/1418), Sugh al‑A’sha, 14 vols., Cairo, 1963.

al‑Qanduri, Sulayman, Yanabi’ al‑Mawadda, al‑Istana, n.d.

al‑Qarashi, Baqir Sharif, Hayat al‑Imam al‑Hasan b. ‘Ali, Najaf, 1973.

al‑Qazwini, Hamd‑Allah Mustawfi (d. 740/1340), Nuzhat al‑Qulub, the geographical part, trans. by Le Strange, Leiden, 1919.

al‑Qazwim, Muhammad b. Yazid (d. 275/889), Sunan Ibn Maja, 2 vols., Cairo, 1972.

al‑Qifti, ‘Ali b. Yusuf (d. 568/1172), Tartkh al‑Hukama', Leipzig, 1903.

al‑Qummi, ‘Ali b. Ibrahim (d. 307/919), al‑Tafsir, Najaf. 1386/1966.

al‑Qummi Sa’d b. ‘Abd Allah al‑Ash’ari (d. 299/911), Kitab al‑Magalat wal‑Firaq, ed. by Muh. J. Mashkur, Tehran, 1963.

Rajowski, W. W., Early Shi'ism in Iraq, Ph.D. Thesis, School of Oriental and African Studies, 1955.

Ramyar, Mahmud, Shaykh Tusi, The life and works of a Shiite leader, Ph.D. Thesis, Edinburgh, 1977.

al‑Rawandi, Sad b. Hibbat Allah, al‑Khara'ij wal‑Jara'ih, Bombay, 1301/1883.

al‑Sabi, al‑Hilal b. Muhsin, al‑Wuzara', Cairo, 1958.

Sachedina. A. A., The Doctrine of Mahdiism in Imami Shi’ism, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Toronto, 1976.
----‑, "A Treatise on the Occultation of the Twelfth Imamite Imam", Studio Islamica, XLVIII (1978), 109‑124.

al‑Sadiq al‑Mahdi, Yas'alunak ‘an al‑Mahdiyya, Beirut, 1975.

al‑Sadr, Muhammad Baqir, Bahth Hawla al‑Mahdi, Beirut, 1977/1397.
-----, Fadak fi al‑Tarikh, Najaf, 1955.

al‑Sadr, Muhammad, Tarikh al‑Ghayba al‑Sughra, vol. 1, Beirut, 1972.
----‑, Tarikh al‑Ghayba al‑Kubra, vol. 2, Beirut, 1975.

al‑Sadr, Sadr al‑Din, al‑Mahdi, Tehran, 1358.

al‑Saduq, Muhammad b. ‘Ali b. al‑Husayn b. Babawayh (d. 381/991), ‘Ral al‑Shara'i’, Najaf, 1385/1966.
-----, Kamal al‑Din wa‑Tamam al‑Ni'ma, Tehran, 1378/1958, and Tehran, 1395/1975.
-----, Man La Yahduruh al‑Faqih, 4 vols., Tehran, 1390/1970.
-----, al‑Tawhid, Tehran, 1387/1967. (al‑Saduq) ‘Uyun Akhbar al‑Riďa, Najaf, 1390/1970.

al‑Saffar, Muhammad al‑Hasan (d. 290/902), Basa'ir al‑Darajat, Tehran University, Central Library, Ms. No. 657.

al‑Sahib b. ‘Abbad, Isma’il b. ‘Abbad (d. 385/995), Nusrat Madhahib al‑Zaydiyya, ed. by Naji Hasan, Baghdad, 1977.
al‑Sajistani, Abu Dawud Sulayman b. al‑Ash'ath (d. 275/889), Sunan Abi Dawud, 4 vols., Cairo, 1370/1951.

al‑Sajistani, Abu Ya'qub, Kashf al‑Mahjub, Tehran, 1949.

al‑Salawi, Ahmad b. Khalid al‑Nasiri, al‑Istaqsa li‑Akhbar al‑Maghrib al‑Aqsa, 10 vols., al‑Dar al‑Bayda, 1954.

al‑Sam'awi, ‘Abd al‑Karim b. Muhammad al‑Tamimi (d. 562/1166), al‑Ansab, Haydar Abad, 1382‑96/1962‑76.

al‑Samir, Faysal, Thawrat al‑Zanj, Basra, 1952.

al‑San’ani, ‘Abd al‑Razzaq b. Humam (d. 211/826), al‑Musannaf vol. 11, Beirut, 1392/1972.

Shahan, M. A., Islamic History, A new interpretation, vol. 2 (750‑1055/132‑448), Cambridge, 1976.

al‑Shahristani, Muhammad b. ‘Abd al‑Karim (d. 548/1153), Kitab al‑Milal wal‑Nihal, London, 1263/1846

Shakir, M. H., trans., The Holy Qur'an, Arabic text and English translation, Tehran, 1978.

al‑Sharif al‑Radi, ed., Nahj al‑Balagha, Beirut, 1967.

al‑Sharif Ahmad Ibrahim, al‑‘Alam al‑Islami fi al‑‘Asr al‑‘Abbasi, Cairo, 1967.

al‑Shibi, Kamil Mustafa, al‑Sila bayn al‑Tasawwuf wall‑Tashayyu', Baghdad, 1382/1963.

Sourdel, D., "The 'Abbasid Caliphate", CH I, vol. 1, The Central Islamic Lands, ed. by P. M. Holt, A. Lambton and B. Lewis, Cambridge, 1970, 104‑39.
---‑, "Banu Furat", E.I.2.

Strothmann, R., "Musa al‑Kazim", E.I.1 III.
----, "Muhammad b. ‘Ali al‑Riďa", EI.', III.
-----, "Shi’a", EI1', IV.

Subhi, Ahmad Mahmud, Nazariyyat al‑Imama Lada al‑Shi a al‑Ithna ‘Ashariyya, Cairo, 1969.

al‑Subki, ‘Abd al‑Wahhab b. ‘Ali (d. 771/1369), Tabaqat al‑Shaf'iyya al‑Kubra, 10 vols., Cairo, 1965/1385.

al‑Suli, Abu Bakr Muhammad b. Yahya (d.335/946), Akhbar al‑Radi wal‑Muttaqi ed. by J. Heyworth Dunne, London, 1935/1354.

al‑Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir (d. 310/922), Tarikh al‑Rusul wal‑Muluk, 3 vols., ed. by de Goeje, Leyden 1879‑1901.

al‑Tabari, Muh. b. Jarir b. Rustam (d. 4th/10th century), Dala'il al‑Imama, Najaf, 1949/1369.

al‑Tabarsi, Ahmad b. ‘Ali b. Abi Talib (d. 548/1153), al‑Ihtijaj, vols. 1‑2, Najaf, 1386/1966.

al‑Tabarsi, al‑Fadl b. al‑Hasan, I'lam al‑wara bi‑A'lam al‑Huda, Tehran, 1379/1959.

al‑Tabrani, Maymun b. al‑Qasim al‑Nusayri (d. 427/1035), Kitab Sabil Rahat al­Arwah, ed. by Strothmann in Der Islam, XXVII (1946).

al‑Tabsi, Muh. Riďa al‑Najaf, al‑Shi’a wal‑Raja, vol. 1, 3rd eel., Najaf, 1966/1385.

al‑Thalabi, Ahmad b. Muhammad al‑Nisaburi (d. 427/1035), ‘Arais al‑Majalis, Cairo, n.d.

al‑Tikriti, B. K., The Religious Policy of al‑Mutawakkil ‘ala Allah al‑‘Abbasi (232­47/847‑68), M.A. Thesis, Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University, 1969.
----‑, The Struggle for Power in the 'Abbasid Caliphate between the years 247/861 and 256/868, Ph.D. Thesis, Edinburgh University, 1972.

(al‑Tikriti) "al‑Mutawakkil bayn Khusumihi wa Ansarihi", Bulletin of the College of Arts, Basra University, 1976.

al‑Tirmidhi, Muhammad b. ‘Isa (d. 279/893), Sunan al‑Tirmidhi, 5 vols., Cairo, 1356/1937.

Tuker, W. T., "Rebels and Gnostics, al‑Mughira b. Said and al‑Mughiriyya", Arabica, XXII (1975), 33‑47.
------"Abu Mansur al‑‘Ijli and al‑Mansuriyya, A study in the Medieval terrorism", Der Islam, LIV (1977).

al‑Tusi, Muhammad b. al‑Hasan (d. 460/1067), al‑Amali, 2 vols., Najaf, 1383/1963.
----‑, al‑Fihrist, eel. Sprenger, Calcutta, 1853, and Mashhad, 1972.
-----, al‑Ghayba, Tabriz, 1322/1904.
----‑ , Ikhtiyar Ma’rifat al‑Rijal, Mashhad, 1348/1969.
-----, al‑Istibsar, 4 vols., Tehran, 1390/1970.
-----, al‑Nihaya fi Mujarrad al‑Fiqh wal‑Fatawa, Tehran, 1970.
-----, al‑Rijal, Najaf, 1381/1961.
-----, Tahdhib al‑Ahkam, 10 vols., Tehran, 1390/1970.
-----, Talkhis al‑Shafi, Qumm, 1394/1973.

al‑Usul al‑Arba’mi'a, Ms. Tehran University, no. 262, 1962.

Watt, W. M., The Formative Period of Islamic Thought, Edinburgh, 1973.
------, "The Rafidites: A preliminary study", Oriens, XVI (1963), 110‑21.
-------, "The Reappraisal of ‘Abbasid Shiism", Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honour of Hamilton A. R. Gibb, eel. by George Maqdisi, Leiden, 1965, 638‑54.
------‑, "Sidelights on early Imamite Doctrine", Studia Islamica, Ex fasciculo XXXI°, Memoriae J. Schacht Dedicato, Paris, 1970, 287‑98.

Wensinck, A.J., and Mensing, J. P., Concordance et Indices de la Tradition Musulnume, Leiden, 1969.

al‑Yafi'i al‑Fasi, Muhammad b. Ahmad al‑Hasani (d. 832/1429), al‑‘Iqd al‑Thamin fi Tarikh al‑Balad al‑Amm, Cairo, 1959.

al‑Ya’qubi, Ahmad b. Abi Ya qub b. Wadih (d. 284/897), Tarikh al‑ Ya’qubi vols. 1‑3, Najaf, 1964.

Yaqut al‑Hamawi (d. 626/1228), Irshad al‑Arib, ed. by D. S. Margoliouth, vols. 1‑7, London, 1908‑23.
-------, Mujam al‑Buldan, 4 vols., eel. by F. Wustenfeld, Leipzig, 1866‑70.

al‑Yusuf, ‘Abel al‑Qadir Ahmad, al‑Imam al‑Riďa Wali ‘Ahd al‑Ma'm'un, Baghdad, 1945.

al‑Zubayri, Mas'ab b. ‘Abd Allah (d. 236/850), Nasab Quraysh, Cairo, 1953.