Al-muqaddimah Al-ajurrumiyyah [on the Science of Arabic Grammar]

The Chapter on the ‘AṬF

The Ḥurūf al-‘Aṭf (conjunctions) are ten, and they are:

الواو              (and)

الفاء              (shortly/immediately thereafter)

ثُمّ                 (a while thereafter)

أوْ                 (or)

أمْ                 (or)

إمَّا                (either/or)

بلْ                (rather/instead)

لاَ                 (not)

لكنْ              (but), and

حتّى              (up to including/even), in some places[^56] .

If you use them (i.e. these conjunctions) to conjoin (a word) to something that is Marfū‘, then you make (that word also) Marfū‘, or to something that is Manṣūb, then you make (it) Manṣūb, or to something that is Makhfūḍ, then you make (it also) Makhfūḍ, or to something that is Majzūm, then you make (it also) Majzūm. You say (for example):

قام زيدٌ وعمروٌ                                     (Zayd and‘Amr came)

رأيت زيداً وعمراً                       (I saw Zayd and‘Amr )

مررت بزيدٍ وعمروٍ                     (I passed by Zayd and‘Amr )

زيد لم يقمْ ولميقعدْ [^57]                 (Zayd din not stand andhe did not sit )

The Chapter on the TAUKĪD[^58]

The Taukīd is a Tābi‘ (follower) of the Mu’akkad (i.e. the expression that is corroborated) in its being Marfū‘, Manṣūb, Makhfūḍ and Ma‘rifah.

It is accomplished with definite words, and they are:

النفس                       (self/in person)

العين                         (self/in person)

كلّ               (all/every/the whole lot)

أجمع **                       (all/every/the whole lot)**

including the Tawābi‘ (followers) of أجمع, and they are:

أكتع، أبتع، أبصع (all/every i.e. the same as أجمع )

You say (for example):

قام زيدٌنفسُ ه                                     (Zayd,himself , came/Zayd camein person )

رأيت القومَكلَّ هم                    (I saw the people,all of them)

مررت بالقومِأجمعين                  (I passed by the people,the whole lot )

The Chapter on the BADAL

When one Ism is substituted (in meaning not in form) for another Ism or one Fi‘l for another Fi‘l (i.e. the one is made the Badal of the other), it follows it[^59] (the former) in all of its I‘rab.

It is of four types:

Badal ash-Shay’ min ash-Shay’ (Substitute of the thing/whole for the thing/whole)[^60]

Badal al-Ba‘d min al-Kull (Substitute of the part for the whole)

Badal alishtimal (Substitute of the quality for the possessor of the quality or substitute of a thing for the container of that thing)

Badal al-Ghalaţ (Substitute due to error i.e. the correction is substituted for the error)[^61]

like when you say:

قام زيدٌأخو ك                          (Zayd, yourbrother , stood)

أكلت الرغيفَثلثَ ه                (I ate the loaf, a third of it)

نفعني زيدٌعلمُ ه                        (Zayd, hisknowledge , benefited me)

رأيت زيداًالفرسَ                       [I saw Zayd, (I mean)the horse ]

You wanted to say: الفرس but then you erred (by saying: زيداً ) so you substituted .زيداً  for it (i.e.الفرس َ)[^62] .